Abstract: A method is disclosed for scaling control in a membrane system operation. The method can be performed by a model in the control system of a plant. The method can include selecting one or more antiscalants corresponding to one or more components of the scale, based on one or more of feed water condition, membrane material, membrane fouling status and a kinetic study relating to a reaction between the antiscalants and the components of the scale. The composition of one or more selected antiscalants can be estimated based on an overall scaling rate constant.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for scaling control in a membrane system operation. The method can be performed by a model in the control system of a plant. The method can include selecting one or more antiscalants corresponding to one or more components of the scale, based on one or more of feed water condition, membrane material, membrane fouling status and a kinetic study relating to a reaction between the antiscalants and the components of the scale. The composition of one or more selected antiscalants can be estimated based on an overall scaling rate constant.

Abstract: A system and method of real-time interconnect billing to facilitate invoicing and reconciliation between interconnected communication and service providers. The fully customizable, scalable, and network-based system rates and monitors costs, incorporates agreements between interconnected providers, invoices, bills, and reconciles to establish an accurate and cost-effective accounting of provider revenues and costs. The system is able to communicate with devices, networks, and interconnect providers to obtain, provide and exchange billing information and payments. The system updates subscriber accounts and alerts the home provider, subscribers, interconnect providers and users of these updates.