Abstract: A method for synthesizing pure metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) uses a direct electric arc process. The method involves arranging a pair of tungsten filament electrodes within a reaction chamber, connected via a graphite rod passed through a quartz tube. An aqueous solution of a metal nitrate precursor, preferably Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, is introduced into the quartz tube. An inert gas, preferably argon, is supplied to maintain an oxygen-free atmosphere. A high voltage is applied across the electrodes to generate an electric arc, which creates a localized plasma, vaporizing the metal ions in the solution. The vaporized metallic species are rapidly cooled and condensed in the inert atmosphere, forming metallic nanoparticles with high purity. The resulting nanoparticles are then collected and washed with water to remove residual contaminants.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for synthesizing a graphene oxide quantum dots-iron phthalocyanine (FePc-GOQDs) nanocomposite with enhanced electrochemical properties, particularly for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). The process begins by dispersing 500 mg of graphene oxide (GO) in a hydrogen peroxide and deionized water solution in a 1:10 volume ratio, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 180° C. for 8 hours to produce GO quantum dots (GOQDs). The resulting material is freeze-dried to obtain GOQDs powder. Subsequently, 60 mg of GOQDs are combined with 10 mg of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and 20 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the mixture is subjected to microwave irradiation at 500 W and 150° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting composite is rinsed repeatedly with deionized water and ethanol, then dried at 120° C. to yield the FePc-GOQDs nanocomposite. This composite demonstrates superior ORR performance due to strong Fe—O bonding and optimized electronic interactions.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for fabricating a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based antifouling marine coating is disclosed. The process begins with preparing a dispersed graphene oxide solution, followed by chemical reduction using hydrazine hydrate at 90-95° C. for 3 hours to form a dispersed rGO solution. This solution is then washed, filtered, and sonicated for 6 hours to ensure stability. A polymer solution is prepared by dissolving 40-50 wt % epoxy resin in acetone at 50° C. The antifouling composite is then formed by combining the rGO solution, 10-15 wt % zinc oxide nanoparticles, and 1-5 wt % carbon nanotubes with the polymer solution, followed by 6 hours of sonication at room temperature. Finally, the resulting composite material is applied to a substrate as a coating using spraying, brushing, dipping, or spin coating. This coating offers a promising solution for preventing biofouling on marine structures.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a system for producing activated carbon from cow dung. The process begins with a drying and washing unit to pre-treat the raw material. Dried cow dung is then milled and sieved to a specific particle size. A second drying step prepares the sieved material for carbonization in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting carbonized material undergoes chemical activation using a sodium hydroxide solution. Subsequent pyrolysis in a nitrogen environment further develops the pore structure of the activated carbon. The pyrolyzed material is then washed with hydrochloric acid to remove impurities. A final drying step yields the desired activated carbon product, which is then crushed. This system provides a controlled and efficient method for converting cow dung into valuable activated carbon, offering a sustainable waste management solution and a source of high-quality material for various applications.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a method for producing high-quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from readily available and cost-effective egg-derived precursors. The system comprises a precursor preparation unit capable of processing egg white and/or yolk into suitable forms for pyrolysis. This unit includes options for dehydration and grinding into powder, hydrothermal treatment for solution-based precursors, and a blender for combining egg white and yolk powders in a controlled ratio to tailor the nitrogen/carbon content of the resulting CNTs. A pyrolysis reactor subjects the precursor to catalytic pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere (e.g., Argon) at temperatures between 900° C. and 1000° C., utilizing an iron (Fe) catalyst. Downstream, a purification unit removes catalyst particles and by-products. A gas flow control system maintains the inert atmosphere within the reactor, ensuring consistent CNT formation.

Abstract: The method for fabricating an asymmetric solid-state device (ASSD), comprising synthesizing an SrO//CdO composite thin film on a conductive substrate to form a positive electrode; providing an activated carbon negative electrode; preparing a gel electrolyte consisting of 1M Polyvinyl Alcohol-Potassium Hydroxide (PVA-KOH) composition for use between the positive and negative electrodes; stacking the SrO/CdO positive electrode, the 1M PVA-KOH gel electrolyte, and the AC negative electrode in a multi-layer arrangement; and pressing the stacked layers together to form the asymmetric solid-state device (ASSD). The asymmetric solid-state device, comprising a positive electrode comprising a SrO thin film and a CdO thin film on a conductive substrate; a negative electrode comprising activated carbon (AC); and a 1M PVA-KOH gel electrolyte positioned between the positive and negative electrodes, wherein the device is formed by stacking the components in layers and pressing them together.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process of fabricating an asymmetric supercapacitors device comprising synthesizing a BaO and CeO2 thin film as a first electrode using a one-step successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for uniform deposition and adhesion on a conductive substrate; synthesizing an activated carbon (AC) electrode as a second electrode; formulating a solid-state electrolyte layer comprising polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), wherein the solid-state electrolyte layer is formed as a gel; assembling the device by layering the first electrode, the solid-state electrolyte layer, and the second electrode in a stacked configuration, wherein the assembled device is allowed to stabilize for a period of 12-24 hours at room temperature to ensure uniform distribution of the electrolyte and structural integrity; and pressing the assembled layers together to enhance contact between electrodes and the electrolyte.

Abstract: The method for synthesizing ZnO//CuO nanocomposites for dual-mode supercapacitor devices. The method comprises preparing a precursor solution by dissolving Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in 100 milliliters of sterile double-distilled water; separately adding 5 milliliters of a plant extract and the 50 milliliters of precursor solution dropwise into a reaction flask under stirring at 100-120 rpm to form a mixture and a precipitate; centrifuging the mixture to separate the precipitate from the supernatant; drying the separated precipitate in a hot air oven at approximately 323 K until fully dehydrated; calcining the dried precipitate to obtain the ZnO//CuO nanocomposite and fabricating a symmetric supercapacitor device using ZnO//CuO nanocomposite electrodes, a filter paper separator and PVA-KOH gel electrolyte and an asymmetric supercapacitor device using an activated carbon electrode, a ZnO//CuO nanocomposite electrode, a filter paper separator and PVA-KOH gel electrolyte that exhibits a Cs of 819.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a method for synthesizing NiO/ZnO nanoparticles using solution combustion synthesis. The method comprising: dissolving 10 grams of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) and 10 grams of Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O) in 30 ml of double-distilled water to obtain a solution; adding at least one fuel selected from a group consisting of glucose, urea, and combinations thereof to the solution; stirring the solution for one hour to achieve homogeneity and transferring the homogeneous solution into a Pyrex dish; placing the dish inside a preheated muffle furnace at a temperature range of 440° C. to 460° C. and allowing the solution to boil, froth, and undergo exothermic combustion thereby retrieving the resulting fine nanoparticle powder upon completion of the reaction within 20 minutes; and cooling the synthesized powder to room temperature and grinding the powder to achieve a fine, uniform consistency, thereby forming NiO/ZnO nanoparticles.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for synthesizing copper-supported cobalt-doped bismuth oxide nanomaterial electrode for supercapacitor applications. For the synthesis of said nanomaterial electrode, Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) technique is used. The present invention carried out the maticulous fabrication of copper-supported cobalt doped Bi2O3 nanomaterial electrode, wherein the synthesized nanomaterial electrode, harnesses the unique properties of each constituent material to achieve superior electrochemical performance. Through precise control of SILAR parameters, including deposition cycles and solution concentrations, a finely tuned composite material is produced, characterized by enhanced conductivity, stability, and specific capacitance. The strategic incorporation of copper and cobalt doping within the Bi2O3 matrix synergistically enhances the overall electrochemical behavior, facilitating efficient charge transfer and storage.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrochemical sensor for rapid and accurate detection of Na+ and K+ ions in the human body. The sensor utilizes a crown-ether functionalized graphene-based electrode, developed through innovative synthetic strategies. The process involves engineering graphene with highly selective crown ethers, resulting in a biocompatible, high-quality electrode. This sensor exhibits superior potentiometric detection capabilities for Na+ and K+ ions in extremely small samples. The invention offers a low-cost, highly sensitive, and selective method for monitoring ion concentrations, addressing the need for early identification of diseases caused by Na+/K+ imbalances. Benefits include rapid testing, versatility, and potential applications in personalized medicine and point-of-care diagnostics. This technology overcomes existing obstacles in early disease detection and provides a foundation for advanced biosensor development in healthcare.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for synthesizing dysprosium-doped cobalt-chromate for supercapacitor applications and a composition for the same, wherein an efficient and cost-effective Solution Combustion synthesis method is utilized for the preparation of Dy-doped CoCr2O4 (CCD). The stoichiometric dissolution of metal and rare earth nitrates, along with fuels, in distilled water forms a green-colored solution, subsequently heated to 450 degrees Celsius. The resulting ash undergoes grinding to yield a fine green pigment with a controlled size of 25 nm. Electrochemical properties of CCD are thoroughly examined through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Capacitive behavior, evaluated via various techniques, demonstrates an increase in capacitance with Dy3+ concentration. Density of states calculations reveal improved electronic features after Dy3+ doping, emphasizing enhanced charge storage capabilities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing lutetium-doped zinc-ferrite ceramics for humidity sensor application and its composition thereof. This invention discloses a composition for lutetium-doped zinc ferrite ceramics, optimized for humidity sensor applications. The composition comprises specified weight percentages of zinc nitrate, iron nitrate, lutetium nitrate, glucose, urea, and optional distilled water. A corresponding synthesis process involves stoichiometric mixing, addition of glucose and urea, stirring with distilled water, and subsequent combustion in a preheated furnace. The ratio of lutetium varies from 0.00 to 0.07. The resulting ZnFe(2-x)LuxO4 nanoparticles exhibit stability and uniformity, confirmed through XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses. The humidity sensor performance is evaluated, with an optimized Lu=0.05 composition demonstrating a remarkable 93% sensing response. This composition and process offer potential for efficient and stable humidity sensors in various applications.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for synthesizing rare earth-doped cobalt-chromite (CoCr2-xRxO4) pigments for capacitive and resistive humidity sensor applications, the process includes of crushing individually metal nitrates and rare earth material (R) using a hydraulic press to form a powder of metal nitrates and rare earth nitrates; dissolving the powder of metal nitrates and rare earth material (R) with fuels in 30 milliliters of distilled water with constant stirring using a magnetic stirrer to form a green color solution; heating the green color solution at 425 degrees Celsius for half an hour to obtain a green powder; extracting and grinding the green powder in an agate mortar for 1 hour to form a fine green pigment; and annealing the fine green pigment in a muffle furnace for two hours at a temperature of 500-600 degrees to remove organic residue and obtain rare earth-doped cobalt-chromite (CoCr2-xRxO4) pigments.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a system for preparing reduced graphene-cobalt chromate composite for humidity sensor applications comprises a first glass beaker for pouring 3-7 grams of sucrose; a preheated muffle furnace for heating the first glass beaker containing sucrose for 5-15 minutes at 450-500° C. in an oxygen environment and obtaining the black foam of rGO after hydrating the sugar; a second glass beaker for mixing 3-7 grams rGO, 3-7 grams carbamide, 3-7 grams cobaltous, and 3-7 grams chromium nitrate and dissolving with double-distilled water; and a magnetic stirrer for stirring the mixed solution for 450 minutes to generate a homogenous solution and burning the uniform mixture at 425° C. in the preheated muffle furnace for 20 minutes to obtain graphene-cobalt chromate composite.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a water purification device designed to operate primarily on gravitational force. The device comprises an inlet chamber (102) for storing surface water; and a filtration chamber (104) placed beneath the inlet chamber housing: a first filter made up of a 1:3 mixture of zeolite and acid-fractionalized activated charcoal, supported on a cotton bed; a second filter (104B) consisting of powdered eggshell membrane mixed with zeolite and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in a 5:3:1 ratio; and a third filter (104C) composed of a mixture of eggshell membrane powder, zeolite, Fe3O4, and AgNO3 nanoparticles, all supported on a cotton bed in a 5:3:1:1 ratio; and an outlet (106) adjusted at a bottom section for collecting purified water. The surface water enters from a top of the filtration chamber and is subjected to gravitational force, leading it through the series of filters towards the outlet.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a microwave-assisted pyrolysis system comprised of a microwave chamber body (102); a black carbon platform (104) disposed inside the microwave chamber body for irradiating microwave radiation and absorbing microwave energy; a quartz microwave reactor (106) placed on the black carbon platform for receiving chemical precursor(s) and applying microwave irradiation for absorption of microwave energy thereby heating the black carbon platform for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of the received chemical precursor(s); a cooling unit (108) employed for regulating and maintaining a user-defined temperature level upon detecting the temperature inside the microwave reactor using a temperature sensor (110), if the temperature exceeds the optimum level, wherein the optimum temperature is defined on the type of precursors undergoing pyrolysis; and wherein if the heating temperature is raised extremely high, the cooling unit inside the microwave machine gets activated to bring down the

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process for synthesizing rare earth-doped cobalt-chromite (CoCr2-xRxO4) pigments for capacitive and resistive humidity sensor applications, the process includes of crushing individually metal nitrates and rare earth material (R) using a hydraulic press to form a powder of metal nitrates and rare earth nitrates; dissolving the powder of metal nitrates and rare earth material (R) with fuels in 30 milliliters of distilled water with constant stirring using a magnetic stirrer to form a green color solution; heating the green color solution at 425 degrees Celsius for half an hour to obtain a green powder; extracting and grinding the green powder in an agate mortar for 1 hour to form a fine green pigment; and annealing the fine green pigment in a muffle furnace for two hours at a temperature of 500-600 degrees to remove organic residue and obtain rare earth-doped cobalt-chromite (CoCr2-xRxO4) pigments.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a system for preparing reduced graphene-cobalt chromate composite for humidity sensor applications comprises a first glass beaker for pouring 3-7 grams of sucrose; a preheated muffle furnace for heating the first glass beaker containing sucrose for 5-15 minutes at 450-500° C. in an oxygen environment and obtaining the black foam of rGO after hydrating the sugar; a second glass beaker for mixing 3-7 grams rGO, 3-7 grams carbamide, 3-7 grams cobaltous, and 3-7 grams chromium nitrate and dissolving with double-distilled water; and a magnetic stirrer for stirring the mixed solution for 450 minutes to generate a homogenous solution and burning the uniform mixture at 425° C. in the preheated muffle furnace for 20 minutes to obtain graphene-cobalt chromate composite.

Abstract: The process comprises treating 90-190 g titanium (IV) chloride in 10-100 ml de-ionized water for preparing Titanium cation (Ti4+); treating 130-275 ml potassium persulfate in 10-100 ml double-distilled water and keeping at constant temperature to obtain sulphate/oxide; dipping substrates into titanium (IV) chloride solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any; dipping substrates into potassium persulfate solution and re-dipping in de-ionized water to remove loosely bonded ions, if could be any, and keeping at 50-90° C. for complete one cycle; treating obtained Titanium cation (Ti4+) with sulphate/oxide and obtaining whitish layer on the substrate surface by necked eyes after about 10-15 cycles, suggesting initiation of film formation, wherein the deposition thickness of TiO2 layer is increased from 0.3-2.0-micron on determined 5-50 deposition cycles; and rinsing deposited films with de-ionized water and air annealed at 400-600° C.