Abstract: A composite including a polymer matrix; an inorganic moisture absorber; a ceramic filler, graphite, or a combination thereof; and a tracking resistance polymer, wherein the tracking resistance polymer includes an average bond energy between an atom forming a main chain and another atom covalently bonded to the atom that forms the main chain of about 350 kJ/mol to about 500 kJ/mol; a carbonaceous residue yield after pyrolysis of less than or equal to about 5 weight percent, based on the amount of the tracking resistance polymer before pyrolysis; or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A battery case including a container configured to house an electrode assembly, wherein the container includes a bottom wall and a plurality of side walls, the bottom wall and the side walls integrated to define a space for housing the electrode assembly and an open side opposed to the bottom wall, the container includes a composite including a polymer matrix, an inorganic moisture absorbent dispersed in the base polymer, and a compatibilizer to promote compatibility between the polymer matrix and the inorganic moisture absorbent, the compatibilizer is included in an amount of less than about 3 wt % based on a total weight of the composite, at least one of the bottom wall and the side walls at a thickness of 1 millimeter has a water vapor transmission rate of less than about 0.07 g/m2/day, when measured at 38° C. and a relative humidity of 100%.

Abstract: A battery case including: a container configured to house an electrode assembly, wherein the container includes a bottom wall and a plurality of side walls, the bottom wall and the plurality of side walls are integrated to define a space for housing the electrode assembly and to provide a top opening opposite the bottom wall, the container includes a polymeric composition including a polymer and an inorganic moisture absorbent dispersed in the polymer, and the battery case has a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of less than about 0.05 grams per square meter per day, when measured at 38° C. and a relative humidity of 100% according to ISO 15106 or ASTM F1249.

Abstract: A composite including a polymer matrix; an inorganic moisture absorber; a ceramic filler, graphite, or a combination thereof; and a tracking resistance polymer, wherein the tracking resistance polymer includes an average bond energy between an atom forming a main chain and another atom covalently bonded to the atom that forms the main chain of about 350 kJ/mol to about 500 kJ/mol; a carbonaceous residue yield after pyrolysis of less than or equal to about 5 weight percent, based on the amount of the tracking resistance polymer before pyrolysis; or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A battery case including a container having an opening and a sink configured to accommodate an electrode, and a cover having a contact portion configured to contact with the container. The battery case includes a polymer base material, the container includes a bottom wall and side walls, that are integrated to form the sink and the opening opposed to the bottom wall. A nanometer-size concavo-convex edge feature is positioned on at least one portion of the end face of the side walls configured to form the opening and on at least one portion of the contact surface of the contact portion of the cover configured to contact with at least one portion of the end face of the sidewalls of the container. A battery or a battery module including the battery case and an electrode assembly accommodated in the sink of the container of the battery case.

Abstract: Disclosed are a battery case including a container configured to accommodate an electrode assembly, wherein the container includes a bottom wall and a plurality of side walls, the bottom wall and the plurality of side walls are integrated to have an open side opposed to the bottom wall and to provide a space for accommodating the electrode assembly, the container includes a composite including a base polymer and an inorganic moisture absorbent, expanded graphite, and red phosphorus, each of which are dispersed in the base polymer, and the battery case has a water vapor transmittance rate at about 38° C. under relative humidity of about 100% according to ISO 15106 or ASTM F1249 of less than about 0.07 g/m2/day and flame retardancy of V-0 measured according to UL (Underwriter's Laboratories)-94, and a battery or battery module including an electrode assembly accommodated in the container of the battery case.

Abstract: A battery module and a battery pack including the same, and an electronic device. The battery module includes: a housing including a plurality of cavities and a partition wall between adjacent cavities; and an electrode assembly in a cavity of the plurality of cavities, wherein a minimum thickness t1 of the partition wall is greater than or equal to about 2 millimeters, and a ratio of the minimum thickness t1 of the partition wall relative to a maximum thickness t2 of the partition wall is about 1.3 to about 2.

Abstract: A battery case including a container configured to house an electrode assembly, wherein the container includes a bottom wall and a plurality of side walls, the bottom wall and the side walls integrated to define a space for housing the electrode assembly and an open side opposed to the bottom wall, the container includes a composite including a polymer matrix, an inorganic moisture absorbent dispersed in the base polymer, and a compatibilizer to promote compatibility between the polymer matrix and the inorganic moisture absorbent, the compatibilizer is included in an amount of less than about 3 wt % based on a total weight of the composite, at least one of the bottom wall and the side walls at a thickness of 1 millimeter has a water vapor transmission rate of less than about 0.07 g/m2/day, when measured at 38° C. and a relative humidity of 100% according to ISO 15106 or ASTM F1249.

Abstract: A battery case including: a container configured to house an electrode assembly, wherein the container includes a bottom wall and a plurality of side walls, the bottom wall and the plurality of side walls are integrated to define a space for housing the electrode assembly and to provide a top opening opposite the bottom wall, the container includes a polymeric composition including a polymer and an inorganic moisture absorbent dispersed in the polymer, and the battery case has a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of less than about 0.05 grams per square meter per day, when measured at 38° C. and a relative humidity of 100% according to ISO 15106 or ASTM F1249.

Abstract: A graft copolymer includes an oxazoline-based derivative grafted onto a polymer including a structural unit. A composition may include the copolymer, and an article may be manufactured from the composition.

Abstract: A composite includes a cross-linked polymer including a pyridinium group and a thermoplastic polymer, and an article that includes the composite.

Abstract: A copolymer includes a first structural unit selected from Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2, and a combination thereof and a second structural unit selected from Chemical Formula 3, Chemical Formula 4, and a combination thereof; and a composition including the copolymer and an article manufactured from the composition are provided. Definitions of Chemical Formulae 1 to 4 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: A composite includes a cross-linked polymer including a pyridinium group and a thermoplastic polymer, and an article that includes the composite.

Abstract: A copolymer includes a first structural unit selected from Chemical Formula 1, Chemical Formula 2, and a combination thereof and a second structural unit selected from Chemical Formula 3, Chemical Formula 4, and a combination thereof; and a composition including the copolymer and an article manufactured from the composition are provided. Definitions of Chemical Formulae 1 to 4 are the same as described in the detailed description.

Abstract: A graft copolymer includes an oxazoline-based derivative grafted onto a polymer including a structural unit. A composition may include the copolymer, and an article may be manufactured from the composition.

Abstract: A process of continuous production for polyester, comprising continuously supplying an esterification or transesterification product comprising ester oligomers with an acid value of less than 100 meq/kg to a liquid phase polymerization reactor, wherein the esterification or transesterification product is produced by esterification or transesterification of a polycarboxylic acid or an alkyl ester thereof and a polyhydric alcohol; and performing a liquid-phase polymerization at a temperature of 200 to 270° C. and at a pressure of 0 to 5 torr in a liquid-phase polymerization reactor to produce the polyester with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.4 dl/g or higher.

Abstract: Provided is a two-step method of producing a compound of chemical formula 1 in the presence of an alcohol solvent and a Group 3B metal catalyst or a salt thereof, comprising a first step comprising alkylation or isomerization of an aldohexose-containing substrate to obtain an intermediate, and a second step comprising dehydration of the intermediate to produce a compound of chemical formula 1. Preferably, additional solvent and/or catalyst are not added in the second step.

Abstract: A method of producing an unsaturated acid from a salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, the method includes providing an aqueous solution including a salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid; adding a solvent with a boiling point of 200° C. or higher to the aqueous solution; and heating the aqueous solution at a temperature lower than the boiling point of the solvent to split a salt from the salt of the hydroxycarboxylic acid while simultaneously dehydrating the hydroxycarboxylic acid, thereby converting the hydroxycarboxylic acid to the unsaturated acid.

Abstract: A method for preparing an unsaturated carboxylic acid comprising (a) preparing an aqueous solution comprising an ammonium salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid and a salt of inorganic acid; (b) contacting the aqueous solution with a cation exchange resin to prepare a conversion aqueous solution comprising a hydroxycarboxylic acid and an inorganic acid; and (c) dehydrating the hydroxycarboxylic acid using the inorganic acid as a catalyst is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing an unsaturated acid from a salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, the method includes providing an aqueous solution including a salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid; adding a solvent with a boiling point of 200° C. or higher to the aqueous solution; and heating the aqueous solution at a temperature lower than the boiling point of the solvent to split a salt from the salt of the hydroxycarboxylic acid while simultaneously dehydrating the hydroxycarboxylic acid, thereby converting the hydroxycarboxylic acid to the unsaturated acid.