Abstract: A first concept is directed to an improved dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). In a first embodiment, photo energy conversion efficiency (PCE) is increased by employing a reflective layer disposed underneath the DSSC device to direct light that would otherwise be wasted back into the DSSC device. In a second embodiment, the PCE of a DSSC is increased by adding an additional dye, which exhibits significant absorption in the red and near-IR regions. A novel phthalocyanine derivative has been developed that absorbs well in the red and near IR-regions, readily couples to the titanium oxide semiconductor in the DSSC, and enables the DSSC device to exhibit a high photo-current efficiency. A second concept is directed to novel thermoelectric materials formed from a mechanical alloy of silicon and at least one other periodic element, wherein the mechanical alloy is fused together using spark plasma sintering.

Abstract: The present invention aims to transform an existing program into a structure suitable to new technology software. An inputting unit 1100 inputs a COBOL program 100 and stores in a memory unit 1800. A dividing unit 1200 decomposes the COBOL program 100 into plural blocks of programs, and a syntax analyzing unit 1300 analyzes syntaxes of each of the decomposed programs. A program judging unit 1400 judges a role of each program, and a section judging unit 1500 judges contents and roles of sections within each program. After these operations, an extracting/transforming unit 3100 extracts/transforms data to generate a final program 300, and as a result, a transformation apparatus is provided, which automatically transforms the source code of the COBOL program 100 into the source code of the final program 300.