Abstract: A device for limiting the movement of one body relative to another. In one embodiment, a device for limiting the movement of a first body in relation to a second body is disclosed which includes a bendable piece of material, wherein the piece includes a first section and a second section contiguous to the first section, wherein the second section forms a first angle with respect to the first section, wherein the first angle is measured in a counter-clockwise direction from the first section, wherein the first angle is at least zero degrees and is less than 135 degrees when the piece is un-deflected, and wherein at least a portion of the first section is attachable to the second body.

Abstract: A barrier height voltage reference includes two field-effect transistors which are substantially identical except for their gate-to-channel potential barrier characteristics and which are biased to carry equal drain currents at equal drain voltages. The resulting difference in potential between the gate contacts of the two field effect transistors produces a voltage reference which is substantially independent of operating point, supply potential, and temperature.

Abstract: A barrier height voltage reference includes two field-effect transistors which are substantially identical except for their gate-to-channel potential barrier characteristics and which are biased to carry equal drain currents at equal drain voltages. The resulting difference in potential between the gate contacts of the two field effect transistors produces a voltage reference which is substantially independent of operating point, supply potential, and temperature.

Abstract: A flat-band voltage reference includes two insulated-gate field-effect transistors, hereinafter IGFETs, which are substantially identical except for their flat-band voltage characteristics and which are biased to carry equal drain currents at equal drain voltages. The resulting difference in potential between the gate contacts of the IGFETs produces a voltage reference which is substantially independent of variances in operating points, supply potentials, and temperature.

Abstract: A light emitting diode is driven by an input signal and electromagnetically coupled to a photodiode. The photodiode is connected to a high impedance load across which is obtained a signal linearly related to but electrically isolated from the input signal.