Abstract: The present invention relates to the methods and nucleic acid compositions for the production of transgenic plants resistant to virus infection. In particular, it relates to transgenic plants comprising nucleotide sequences encoding dysfunctional viral movement protein (dMP) genes.

Abstract: A system for grading and evaluating optical elements, such as lenses, filters, reticules and the like, where the tested element is scanned by at least one wedge shaped light beam, which has an angle of about 5 degrees to 35 degrees, and which intersects the surface of the optical element in the form of a narrow rectangle, and at an angle with the surface of the element. Beyond the optical element there is arranged a rotating mask which rotates synchronized with the rotating light beam, so that no direct light reaches an array of photoelements positioned beyond the mask, which array receives light pulses resulting from surface defects and internal defects of the tested optical element. The light signals reaching the said array are evaluated and thus the quality of the optical element is deduced.