Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid crystal display including substrates, a liquid crystal, an orientation layer, and electrodes. The orientation layer includes a base layer having a principal surface provided with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering the principal surface. The coating film has a horizontally orienting ability to orient in parallel the molecular major axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the condition where no voltage is impressed on the principal surface. The grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch along the direction orthogonal to the predetermined direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of electrically controlled birefringence mode includes the combination of a liquid crystal cell having a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a pair of substrates, and a hybrid retardation layer in which liquid crystal molecules are hybrid-aligned, and the hybrid retardation layer is formed by deposition at the liquid crystal layer side on one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a liquid crystal display including substrates, a liquid crystal, an orientation layer, and electrodes. The orientation layer includes a base layer having a principal surface provided with a plurality of grooves in parallel, and a coating film covering the principal surface. The coating film has a horizontally orienting ability to orient in parallel the molecular major axes of the liquid crystal molecules in the condition where no voltage is impressed on the principal surface. The grooves each extend along a predetermined direction, and are arrayed repeatedly at a given pitch along the direction orthogonal to the predetermined direction.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device of electrically controlled birefringence mode includes the combination of a liquid crystal cell having a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between a pair of substrates, and a hybrid retardation layer in which liquid crystal molecules are hybrid-aligned, and the hybrid retardation layer is formed by deposition at the liquid crystal layer side on one substrate of the pair of substrates.

Abstract: An electro-optical plasma addressing device comprises a first substrate; a set of parallel first electrodes formed on the first substrate, a second substrate disposed opposite to the first substrate; a set of parallel second electrodes formed on the second substrate; a liquid crystal layer interposed between the first and second substrates; walls formed on the second electrodes so as to form discharge chambers by partitioning a space formed between the liquid crystal layer and the second substrates; and an ionizable gas sealed in the discharge chambers. Each second electrode has a terminal portion, resistive portions connected to the terminal portion, and discharge portions connected respectively to the extremities of the resistive portions, and these portions of the second electrode are formed in a plane.