Abstract: A half-tone stacked film is designed so as to have a stacked structure of a first half-tone film and a second half-tone film, and the film thickness d, the refractive index n to exposure light and the extinction coefficient k of these half-tone films are designed so that one of these half-tone films becomes a phase advancement film and the other becomes a phase retardation film. When the film thickness (nm), the refractive index, and the extinction coefficient of the phase advancement film are represented by d(+), n(+) and k(+), respectively; and the film thickness (nm), the refractive index, and the extinction coefficient of the phase retardation film are d(?), n(?), and k(?), respectively; the phase advancement film has the relationship of k(+)>a1·n(+)+b1, and the phase retardation film has the relationship of k(?)<a2·n(?)+b2.

Abstract: A half-tone stacked film is designed so as to have a stacked structure of a first half-tone film and a second half-tone film, and the film thickness d, the refractive index n to exposure light and the extinction coefficient k of these half-tone films are designed so that one of these half-tone films becomes a phase advancement film and the other becomes a phase retardation film. When the film thickness (nm), the refractive index, and the extinction coefficient of the phase advancement film are represented by d(+), n(+) and k(+), respectively; and the film thickness (nm), the refractive index, and the extinction coefficient of the phase retardation film are d(?), n(?), and k(?), respectively; the phase advancement film has the relationship of k(+)>a1·n(+)+b1, and the phase retardation film has the relationship of k(?)<a2·n(?)+b2.

Abstract: In a DA converter wherein an analog output voltage is formed in such a way that constant currents formed by a plurality of constant-current source transistors are selectively fed to a load resistor by controlling switching means to turn ON and OFF in correspondence with input signals; each of the constant-current source transistors is operated in an operating range from a saturation region to a non-saturation region as the output voltage enlarges in its absolute value, and those of the plurality of constant-current source transistors whose currents based on the operations in the non-saturation regions are selected by the switching means have their sizes enlarged so as to compensate for current decrements ascribable to such operations in the non-saturation regions.