Abstract: A test method for characterizing the mechanical properties including the surface adhesion energy ? on the basis of the experimentally derived P-A relationship, where P means the indentation load under the penetration depth h of an indenter pressed onto a test specimen with surface adhesion, and A means the contact area of indentation at the contact radius a under the applied load of P. This test method enables the implementation for quantitatively as well as simultaneously characterizing the adhesion energy as well as the various mechanical properties (elastic/elastoplastic/viscoelastic properties) of soft materials.

Abstract: A test method for characterizing the mechanical properties including the surface adhesion energy ? on the basis of the experimentally derived P-A relationship, where P means the indentation load under the penetration depth h of an indenter pressed onto a test specimen with surface adhesion, and A means the contact area of indentation at the contact radius a under the applied load of P. This test method enables the implementation for quantitatively as well as simultaneously characterizing the adhesion energy as well as the various mechanical properties (elastic/elastoplastic/viscoelastic properties) of soft materials.

Abstract: A composite membrane that can be used as an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell is produced from a resin material that contains at least polybenzimidazole and from a composite material that is produced from of hydrogen sulfate and heteropoly acid. The composite membrane has a basic structure of an aromatic hydrocarbon that does not contain fluorine and has good efficiency, even at a low doping level, so it can be used for the electrolyte membrane of a medium temperature dry fuel cell. Phosphoric acid is doped into the composite membrane. Characteristics of the relationship between output current density and output voltage for an electrolyte membrane that is made from the created composite membrane (a specimen 4) are better than for a specimen 8, in which the amount of phosphoric acid doping is equivalent.

Abstract: A composite membrane that can be used as an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell is produced from a resin material that contains at least polybenzimidazole and from a composite material that is produced from of hydrogen sulfate and heteropoly acid. The composite membrane has a basic structure of an aromatic hydrocarbon that does not contain fluorine and has good efficiency, even at a low doping level, so it can be used for the electrolyte membrane of a medium temperature dry fuel cell. Phosphoric acid is doped into the composite membrane. Characteristics of the relationship between output current density and output voltage for an electrolyte membrane that is made from the created composite membrane (a specimen 4) are better than for a specimen 8, in which the amount of phosphoric acid doping is equivalent.