Abstract: The sand and dust storm detection method utilizes a hybrid design of a sand and dust storm detection system (SDSDS) having a wireless sensor network (WSN) and a satellite imaging system that detects sand and dust storm events of all types. A layered architecture of context-aware middleware is used. While the WSN provides real time data from the area of interest, near-real time METEOSAT MSG images are obtained from the METEOSAT web site.

Abstract: The recursive time synchronization protocol method for wireless sensor networks provides a modified and extended RTSP method to make it work with clustered networks. In case of non-clustered or flat network, each node is assumed to be a clusterhead in order to run the RTSP method correctly. The RTSP method involves the election of a reference node, and compensation for offset and drift. Simulation results show that the extended RTSP method further improves the accuracy and energy consumption, i.e., it can provide an average accuracy of 0.23 ?s in a large multi-hop clustered network while using only 1/7th of the energy consumed by FTSP in the long run.

Abstract: The coverage, connectivity and communication (C3) protocol method for wireless sensor networks is an integrated and energy-efficient protocol for Coverage, Connectivity and Communication (C3) in WSNs. The C3 protocol uses RSSI to divide the network into virtual rings, defines clusters with clusterheads more probably at alternating rings, defines dings, which are rings inside a cluster, uses triangular tessellation to identify redundant nodes, and communicates data to sink through clusterheads and gateways. The protocol strives for near-optimal deployment, load balancing, and energy-efficient communication. Simulation results show that the C3 protocol ensures partial coverage of more than 90% of the total deployment area, ensures 1-connected network, and facilitates energy-efficient communication, while expending only ¼th of the energy compared to other related protocols.

Abstract: The recursive time synchronization protocol method for wireless sensor networks provides a modified and extended RTSP method to make it work with clustered networks. In case of non-clustered or flat network, each node is assumed to be a clusterhead in order to run the RTSP method correctly. The RTSP method involves the election of a reference node, and compensation for offset and drift. Simulation results show that the extended RTSP method further improves the accuracy and energy consumption, i.e., it can provide an average accuracy of 0.23 ?s in a large multi-hop clustered network while using only 1/7th of the energy consumed by FTSP in the long run.

Abstract: The sand and dust storm detection method utilizes a hybrid design of a sand and dust storm detection system (SDSDS) having a wireless sensor network (WSN) and a satellite imaging system that detects sand and dust storm events of all types. A layered architecture of context-aware middleware is used. While the WSN provides real time data from the area of interest, near-real time METEOSAT MSG images are obtained from the METEOSAT web site.

Abstract: The coverage, connectivity and communication (C3) protocol method for wireless sensor networks is an integrated and energy-efficient protocol for Coverage, Connectivity and Communication (C3) in WSNs. The C3 protocol uses RSSI to divide the network into virtual rings, defines clusters with clusterheads more probably at alternating rings, defines dings, which are rings inside a cluster, uses triangular tessellation to identify redundant nodes, and communicates data to sink through clusterheads and gateways. The protocol strives for near-optimal deployment, load balancing, and energy-efficient communication.