Abstract: A method and a system for predicting a battery capacity degradation for an electric vehicle having a battery are provided. The method comprises extracting and pre-processing a raw dataset comprising a plurality of battery loss indicators and a plurality of battery loss values each corresponding to a plurality of time steps to obtain a pre-processed dataset. The method further comprises selecting a loss indicator subset from the pre-processed dataset at a first time step and a second time step based on a smart feature selection (SFS) algorithm. The method further comprises training a machine learning model with each battery loss indicator at the first and second time steps and the battery loss value at the first time step. The method further comprises determining the battery loss value at the second time step with the machine learning model to predict the battery capacity degradation.

Abstract: A circuit and methods including super-twisting sliding mode controller (ST-SMC) control of an AC/DC quasi single-stage current-fed resonant converter for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The converter includes primary side switches and a secondary side bidirectional switch, achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for efficient operation. The primary side includes an active clamp circuit, while the secondary side incorporates a resonant tank for smooth energy transfer. The ST-SMC generates pulse width modulation signals, ensuring ZVS at turn ON and turn OFF for primary switches, and ZVS at turn ON with low-voltage switching at turn OFF for the bidirectional switch. The circuit includes a feedback loop with an error calculation unit for precise control of grid current and output voltage, providing power factor correction and regulated output for 400V and 800V EV batteries.

Abstract: A method and a system for predicting a battery capacity degradation for an electric vehicle having a battery are provided. The method comprises extracting and pre-processing a raw dataset comprising a plurality of battery loss indicators and a plurality of battery loss values each corresponding to a plurality of time steps to obtain a pre-processed dataset. The method further comprises selecting a loss indicator subset from the pre-processed dataset at a first time step and a second time step based on a smart feature selection (SFS) algorithm. The method further comprises training a machine learning model with each battery loss indicator at the first and second time steps and the battery loss value at the first time step. The method further comprises determining the battery loss value at the second time step with the machine learning model to predict the battery capacity degradation.

Abstract: A multi-area load frequency control system for an interconnected hybrid power network, and a method to control a load frequency. The load frequency control system includes multiple dispersed load frequency control systems located in a plurality of areas, having a point of common coupling (PCC). Each load frequency control system also has a hydrogen/bromine redox flow battery (H2/Br2-RFB) connected to the PCC to mitigate a frequency fluctuation during a load perturbation. Each load frequency control system also has a renewable energy source and a power plant connected to the PCC. Each load frequency control system further comprises a load frequency controller connected to the power plant. The load frequency controller includes a processor configured to execute a program instruction, a tilt-based fractional order proportional integral (TFOPI), and a model predictive controller (MPC). The load frequency control systems are communicatively connected to each other.

Abstract: A device, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium for a finite-time sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for a photovoltaic (PV) array includes a PV array configured to generate a current Ipv, a pulse width modulator (PWM) connected to receive the current IPV and a voltage. The PWM is configured to execute a perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and generate a maximum power point signal. The maximum power point signal is configured to modulate DC voltage Vdc according to a duty cycle D defined by the P&O algorithm. The MPPT control system includes a finite time sliding mode controller (FTSMC) configured to receive the IPV and a voltage and generate a reactive power control signal Uq. The FTSMC includes a particle swarm optimization to determine and apply optimum gain parameters to FTSMC to generate reactive power control signal Uq and minimize voltage error signals for each phase.

Abstract: A multi-area load frequency control system for an interconnected hybrid power network, and a method to control a load frequency. The load frequency control system includes multiple dispersed load frequency control systems located in a plurality of areas, having a point of common coupling (PCC). Each load frequency control system also has a hydrogen/bromine redox flow battery (H2/Br2-RFB) connected to the PCC to mitigate a frequency fluctuation during a load perturbation. Each load frequency control system also has a renewable energy source and a power plant connected to the PCC. Each load frequency control system further comprises a load frequency controller connected to the power plant. The load frequency controller includes a processor configured to execute a program instruction, a tilt-based fractional order proportional integral (TFOPI), and a model predictive controller (MPC). The load frequency control systems are communicatively connected to each other.

Abstract: Control system and method for integration and transition between standalone and grid-connected operations of a hybrid renewable microgrid system include a multiple-input multiple-output controller that manages a rotor-side and a grid-side converter, structured in a back-to-back configuration, alongside a DC-DC buck-boost converter. The system harnesses energy from a solar generation unit of interconnected photovoltaic panels and a wind generation unit linked to a permanent magnet synchronous generator. Both energy sources are efficiently coordinated through maximum power point tracking control. The solar unit is directly connected to a DC bus, which also interfaces with the grid-side converter. An energy storage unit is seamlessly integrated, providing power management and voltage regulation capabilities to maintain consistent power delivery and quality, even during fluctuations in renewable energy production.

Abstract: A load frequency controller for the integration of a thermal power generator with renewable energy generators includes first and second power systems situated in separate geographic regions, interconnected through an inter-area tie-line. Each power system incorporates a 3DOF-FOPIDN controller, programmed with a salp swarm algorithm to adjust the controller gain parameters. A model predictive controller (MPC) slaved to the 3DOF-FOPIDN controller generates droop correction values then transmitted to the energy generators. The power deviations from the resources, the tie-line power deviations and a load center power deviation are combined to generate a combined power deviation signal. A frequency generator converts the combined power deviation signal to a frequency deviation value for each area. Feedback loops channel the frequency deviation value to bias factor generator in each area.

Abstract: A reactive power support system for a radial distribution network includes multiple loads, a radial distribution transmission line (RDTL) connected at a first end to a grid transformer, a point of common coupling (PCC) connected to a second end of the RDTL, a solar power inverter connected in parallel with a photovoltaic module and an inverter controller connected to the inverter. An output terminal of the inverter is connected to the PCC. Each load is connected by a load bus to the RDTL. The inverter controller provides gate control signals which switch a set of transistor gates of the inverter to operate at less than or greater than a unity power factor to inject or to absorb the reactive power, respectively, at the PCC in order to regulate a voltage of the RDTL during a three-phase to ground fault on a load bus connected to one of the loads.

Abstract: An inverter topology circuit that includes a direct current source; a first capacitor; a second capacitor, and a number of switches (a first switch, a second switch, a third switch, a fourth switch, a fifth switch, a sixth switch, a seventh switch, an eighth switch, a ninth switch, a tenth switch, and an eleventh switch). A first side of the first switch and a first side of the third switch are connected to a first side of the direct current source. A first side of the second switch and a first side of the fourth switch are connected to a second side of the direct current source. The first capacitor and the second capacitor are connected in series and are connected in parallel with the direct current source.

Abstract: A distributed control system coupled to a hybrid renewable power system including an AC power section, a DC power section, and a primary load. The distributed control system includes current-controlled inverter to control flow of power between the DC power section and the AC power section using a pair of power flow control signals. The current-controlled inverter includes a proportional-integral controller to generate the pair of power flow control signals. The distributed control system includes a discrete frequency controller to perform a load frequency control of the hybrid renewable power system using a pair of load frequency control signals. The load frequency control controls frequency oscillations of the primary load. The discrete frequency controller is a discrete-time fuzzy tuned fractional-order proportional derivative controller that generates pair of load frequency control signals based on primary load frequency, desired load frequency, and rate of change of the primary load frequency.

Abstract: A device and method for managing power transmission to a power grid from a Hybrid Grid Connected System (HGCS) is presented. The HGCS includes a plurality of energy resources, including of solar photovoltaic cells (PV), wind power generation, a battery energy storage system (BESS) and a fuel cell system paired with an electrolyzer. Energy sources are connected by a DC-link to a power electronic converter which supplies power to the power grid. A controller is configured to calculate the total power, maximize transmission of power to the power grid from the primary sources, supply the net power to the power grid from the fuel cell system and use the power generated by the PV system and the wind power system for charging the BESS and powering the electrolyzer system based on the relative state of charge of the BESS and the voltage of the DC-link.

Abstract: A device, method, and non-transitory computer readable medium for a finite-time sliding mode maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control system for a photovoltaic (PV) array includes a PV array configured to generate a current Ipv, a pulse width modulator (PWM) connected to receive the current Ipv and a voltage. The PWM is configured to execute a perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm and generate a maximum power point signal. The maximum power point signal is configured to modulate DC voltage Vdc according to a duty cycle D defined by the P&O algorithm. The MPPT control system includes a finite time sliding mode controller (FTSMC) configured to receive the Ipv and a voltage and generate a reactive power control signal Uq. The FTSMC includes a particle swarm optimization to determine and apply optimum gain parameters to FTSMC to generate reactive power control signal Uq and minimize voltage error signals for each phase.

Abstract: A hybrid controller and method for mitigating frequency disturbances in a multi-area power plant including multiple thermal energy generators and renewable energy sources includes a cascaded fractional model predictive controller (CFMPC), first and second fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative controllers (FOPID-1 and FOPID-2) and a sooty terns controller. The CFMPC generates a minimized area central error (ACE) signal based on minimizing a controlled fitness equation, an ACE signal and a load power disturbance signal (?PL). The FOPID-1 generates a frequency disturbance correction signal based on the frequency disturbance value (?fi). A combined frequency correction signal is generated by adding negative values of the minimized ACE signal and the frequency disturbance correction signal. The FOPID-2 receives the combined frequency correction signal and generates a frequency error correction signal.

Abstract: A microgrid system includes a synchronous generator configured to convert mechanical power into electric power, an energy storage system configured to store and supply electric power, a controller configured to control operation of the energy storage system; and a point of common coupling bus connecting the synchronous generator and the battery energy storage system, wherein a controller parameter of the controller is determined based on a level of a disturbance using a trained artificial neural network in response to occurrence of the disturbance in the synchronous generator.

Abstract: A device and method for managing power transmission to a power grid from a Hybrid Grid Connected System (HGCS) is presented. The HGCS includes a plurality of energy resources, including of solar photovoltaic cells (PV), wind power generation, a battery energy storage system (BESS) and a fuel cell system paired with an electrolyzer. Energy sources are connected by a DC-link to a power electronic converter which supplies power to the power grid. A controller is configured to calculate the total power, maximize transmission of power to the power grid from the primary sources, supply the net power to the power grid from the fuel cell system and use the power generated by the PV system and the wind power system for charging the BESS and powering the electrolyzer system based on the relative state of charge of the BESS and the voltage of the DC-link.

Abstract: A reactive power support system for a radial distribution network includes multiple loads, a radial distribution transmission line (RDTL) connected at a first end to a grid transformer, a point of common coupling (PCC) connected to a second end of the RDTL, a solar power inverter connected in parallel with a photovoltaic module and an inverter controller connected to the inverter. An output terminal of the inverter is connected to the PCC. Each load is connected by a load bus to the RDTL. The inverter controller provides gate control signals which switch a set of transistor gates of the inverter to operate at less than or greater than a unity power factor to inject or to absorb the reactive power, respectively, at the PCC in order to regulate a voltage of the RDTL during a three-phase to ground fault on a load bus connected to one of the loads.

Abstract: A circuit and methods including super-twisting sliding mode controller (ST-SMC) control of an AC/DC quasi single-stage current-fed resonant converter for electric vehicle (EV) charging. The converter includes primary side switches and a secondary side bidirectional switch, achieving zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for efficient operation. The primary side includes an active clamp circuit, while the secondary side incorporates a resonant tank for smooth energy transfer. The ST-SMC generates pulse width modulation signals, ensuring ZVS at turn ON and turn OFF for primary switches, and ZVS at turn ON with low-voltage switching at turn OFF for the bidirectional switch. The circuit includes a feedback loop with an error calculation unit for precise control of grid current and output voltage, providing power factor correction and regulated output for 400V and 800V EV batteries.

Abstract: Control system and method for integration and transition between standalone and grid-connected operations of a hybrid renewable microgrid system include a multiple-input multiple-output controller that manages a rotor-side and a grid-side converter, structured in a back-to-back configuration, alongside a DC-DC buck-boost converter. The system harnesses energy from a solar generation unit of interconnected photovoltaic panels and a wind generation unit linked to a permanent magnet synchronous generator. Both energy sources are efficiently coordinated through maximum power point tracking control. The solar unit is directly connected to a DC bus, which also interfaces with the grid-side converter. An energy storage unit is seamlessly integrated, providing power management and voltage regulation capabilities to maintain consistent power delivery and quality, even during fluctuations in renewable energy production.

Abstract: A passivity-based power distribution control system for a hybrid electric vehicle includes a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell module, a battery module, an ultra-capacitor module, an energy management controller, and a duty cycle controller. The proton-exchange membrane fuel cell module includes a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a PEMFC boost converter. The PEMFC module generates a PEMFC current IFC. The battery module includes a battery and a battery buck/boost converter. The battery module generates a battery current Ib. The ultra-capacitor module includes an ultra-capacitor (UC) and a UC buck/boost converter. The UC module generates a UC current IUC. The duty cycle controller controls a PEMFC duty cycle D1 of the PEMFC boost converter, a battery duty cycle D23 of the battery buck/boost converter, and a UC duty cycle D45 of the UC buck/boost converter.