Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing hydrocarbons from plastic containing material, wherein the plastic containing material (1) is subjected into a pyrolysis reactor (2), steam (3) is fed into the pyrolysis reactor, and the plastic containing material is pyrolyzed with the steam by using a catalytic pyrolysis with a basic catalyst to convert the plastic containing material to a product (4) comprising hydrocarbons. Further, the invention relates to the use of the product obtained by the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing a hydrocarbons product from plastic containing material, wherein the plastic containing material is subjected into a pyrolysis reactor, steam is fed into the pyrolysis reactor, and the plastic containing material is pyrolyzed in the presence of the steam by using a catalytic pyrolysis with a mildly acidic catalyst comprising at least aluminium oxide, aluminium silicate, zirconium oxide or their combinations to convert the plastic containing material to the hydrocarbon product comprising wax. Further, the invention relates to the use of the product obtained by the method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing hydrocarbons from plastic containing material, wherein the plastic containing material (1) is subjected into a pyrolysis reactor (2), steam (3) is fed into the pyrolysis reactor, and the plastic containing material is pyrolyzed with the steam by using a catalytic pyrolysis with a basic catalyst to convert the plastic containing material to a product (4) comprising hydrocarbons. Further, the invention relates to the use of the product obtained by the method.

Abstract: A protected communication network utilizes a link-based recovery strategy that supports independent recovery paths for individual demands, where each link includes one or more lines and each line can support one or more demands. Failure of one or more—or even all—of the lines/ports of a link will typically result in the independent rerouting of the affected demands along one or more link-detour paths. The flexibility afforded by recovery at the granularity of a demand supports the computation of more-optimal link-detour paths and a corresponding increase in sharing of network resources between disjoint failures. The network also addresses the restricted case where all demands on a line/port are recovered along the same link-detour path.

Abstract: A protected communication network utilizes a link-based recovery strategy that incorporates loop-avoidance mechanisms to eliminate redundant traversal of links in recovery paths, thereby improving network efficiency. The loop-avoidance mechanisms can include calculation of recovery paths taking into account protected segments that include shared risk link groups. In one two-phase loop-avoidance mechanism, a full link-detour path is calculated for a primary-path link by generating a minimum cost path between the upstream and downstream terminating nodes for the link. Next, the full link-detour path is shortened by removing redundant links that are shared by the full link-detour path and the original primary path. Calculation of link-detours and elimination of loops is supported in some embodiments by the distribution of link-state parameters via extensions to the link-state-advertisement (LSA) protocol.

Abstract: A protected communication network utilizes a link-based recovery strategy that includes methods for calculating and distributing link-protection parameters and calculating primary and link-detour paths based on these parameters. These link-protection parameters support the computation of more-optimal link-detour paths and a corresponding increase in sharing of network resources between disjoint failures. A joint-optimization mechanism can be employed that considers both the cost of link-detour paths as well as the cost of links in candidate primary paths in the selection of a primary path for a demand. Information for the joint optimization is preferably distributed using link-state advertisements.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for routing messages in a network includes first filters to provide frequency-based message signals converted from an optically-based signal and mixers adapted to mix the frequency-based message signals with sub-carriers to generate frequency-based sub-carrier modulated message signals. A frequency generator connected to the mixers provides the sub-carriers to the mixers and a combiner connected to the mixers combines the frequency-based sub-carrier modulated message signals. Second filters connected to the combiner receive and group the frequency-based sub-carrier modulated message signals. Optical transmitters connected to second filters optically convert and transmit the frequency-based sub-carrier modulated message signals. The frequency generator generates and applies a particular sub-carrier frequency to one of the mixers according to information contained in the frequency-based message signal.