Abstract: A method is for operating a phased array. The method includes operating circuity coupled between first and second electrically conductive contacts to apply a voltage signal between the first and second electrically conductive contacts, change the voltage signal to selectively set phase change between IR radiation emitted from adjacent elliptical holes to emit the IR radiation at an angle from normal, and change the voltage signal to selectively set a frequency range of the IR radiation.

Abstract: An IR source may also include an electrically conductive layer defining a back contact. The IR source may also include a first dielectric layer over the electrically conductive layer, a transparent electrically conductive layer over the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer over the transparent electrically conductive layer. The IR source may include a graphene layer over the second dielectric layer and having a perforated pattern, a protective layer over the graphene layer, and first and second electrically conductive contacts coupled to the graphene layer. The graphene layer may be configured to emit IR radiation when a voltage signal is applied between the first and second electrically conductive contacts.

Abstract: An IR photodetector detects IR radiation in a frequency range. The IR photodetector includes an electrically conductive layer, first and second vertical supports extending from the electrically conductive layer and defining a cavity therebetween and over the electrically conductive layer, and a transparent electrically conductive layer carried by the first and second vertical supports and over the cavity. The transparent electrically conductive layer defines a gate electrode. The IR photodetector also includes a detector layer over the transparent electrically conductive layer and having a perforated pattern. The detector layer has graphene layers intercalated with ferric chloride layers. The IR photodetector also includes first and second electrically conductive contacts carried by the transparent electrically conductive layer on opposite sides of the detector layer.

Abstract: An IR photodetector includes an electrically conductive layer, a first dielectric layer over the electrically conductive layer, and a phase change material layer over the first dielectric layer. The IR photodetector further includes first and second electrically conductive contacts coupled to the phase change material layer, and a graphene layer over the phase change material layer and having a perforated pattern therein. The IR photodetector includes circuitry configured to apply a bias voltage between the first and second electrically conductive contacts, and detect a sensing current in the phase change material layer caused by IR radiation received by the graphene layer, the IR radiation having a frequency range based upon the bias voltage.

Abstract: An IR source may also include an electrically conductive layer defining a back contact. The IR source may also include a first dielectric layer over the electrically conductive layer, a transparent electrically conductive layer over the first dielectric layer, and a second dielectric layer over the transparent electrically conductive layer. The IR source may include a graphene layer over the second dielectric layer and having a perforated pattern, a protective layer over the graphene layer, and first and second electrically conductive contacts coupled to the graphene layer. The graphene layer may be configured to emit IR radiation when a voltage signal is applied between the first and second electrically conductive contacts.