Abstract: A synthesis plant (309A) includes a compression device (360A) that increases a pressure differential between the bottom product pressure of a cryogenic separator (340A) and the delivery pressure of the bottom product to a downstream plant component. Such increased pressure differential is employed to increase cooling in the separator (340A) to thereby significantly reduce the volume of excess air. In most preferred aspects, at least part of the energy required for the compression device is provided by expansion (320A) of the separator feed.

Abstract: A synthesis plant includes a separation system upstream of a synthesis loop that removes excess nitrogen and other gaseous compounds from a feed gas having a ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen of less than 3:1, thereby producing a syngas with a ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen at about 3:1. Particularly preferred separation systems include a coldbox with a refrigerant other than air, or a pressure swing absorption system.

Abstract: A synthesis plant (309A) includes a compression device (360A) that increases a pressure differential between the bottom product pressure of a cryogenic separator (340A) and the delivery pressure of the bottom product to a downstream plant component. Such increased pressure differential is employed to increase cooling in the separator (340A) to thereby significantly reduce the volume of excess air. In most preferred aspects, at least part of the energy required for the compression device is provided by expansion (320A) of the separator feed.

Abstract: A synthesis plant (200) includes a separation system upstream of a synthesis loop that removes excess nitrogen and other gaseous compounds from a feed gas having a ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen of less than 3:1, thereby producing a syngas with a ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen at about 3:1. Particularly preferred separation systems include a coldbox (270) with a refrigerant other than air, or a pressure swing absorption system.

Abstract: The present invention is a moderate excess nitrogen Braun Purifier.TM. process, wherein has been found an unexpected improvement in capacity and efficiency of operation of ammonia plants designed without the Braun Purifier.TM. process. In addition, the refrigeration necessary for the fractionation and/or separation of the desired hydrogen and nitrogen from the undesired methane and inerts can by provided by prior art methods or by the novel methods described herein.

Abstract: An adaptive shading method is utilized to generate shaded images in real time. The technique to shade the image is determined according to the curvature of the surface, the variation of the light vector across the surface, and the variation of the eye vector across the surface. The color or intensity is first computed at each of the vertices of the polygon. A series of tests are then performed to determine the order equation that is to be used to interpolate the color or intensity across the polygon between the vertices. Using this technique, polygons having a slight or no curvature and an infinite light source (thus being the simplest form of shading), will use an extremely fast, low order equation to interpolate across the polygon. Polygons, having a high degree of curvature and/or positional light source will utilize, as necessary, a higher order equation which requires additional computation time but produces desirable shading results.