Abstract: The synthesis of stable, water-soluble tris and tetrakis aminium dyes. More particularly, carboxylic-acid modified tris and tetrakis dye intermediates, as well as salts and near-infrared dyes formed therefrom, as well as compositions including the dyes.

Abstract: The synthesis of stable, water-soluble tris and tetrakis aminium dyes. More particularly, carboxylic-acid modified tris and tetrakis dye intermediates, as well as salts and near-infrared dyes formed therefrom, as well as compositions including the dyes.

Abstract: The synthesis of stable, water-soluble tris and tetrakis aminium dyes. More particularly, carboxylic-acid modified tris and tetrakis dye intermediates, as well as salts and near-infrared dyes formed therefrom, as well as compositions including the dyes.

Abstract: The invention relates to divalent immonium salts which are near infrared dyes of the formula (I).(R.sub.2 NAr).sub.2 --N.sup.+ .dbd.Ar'.dbd.N.sup.+ R.sub.2 +2X.sup.-(I)wherein:R.dbd.C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl; Ar=divalent phenyl which may or may not be ring substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, cyano or carboalkoxy groups; Ar'=quinoidal phenyl which may or may not be ring substituted with one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, cyano or carboalkoxy groups; and X=an anion of a strong acid. A double charged dye cation having an SbF.sub.6 anion associated with the dye can act both a near IR dye and an epoxy curative.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of bis-methylene spiro-orthocarbonate (BMSOC) wherein methyallyl chloride is subjected to the action of chlorine gas to form a mixture of 1,1-dichloromethyl ethylene and other chlorinated hydrocarbons which need not be and are not separated. The mixture is merely treated wich an alkali metal acetate such as sodium acetate to yield an easily separable second mixture by fractional distillation. The desired 1,1-diacetoxymethyl ethylene is thus recovered in high yield. It is then converted by transesterification in over 90% yield to the bismethylene spiroorthocarbonate (BMSOC). BMSOC is useful as a component for coatings composites, adhesive formulations and the like, which have the unique ability to (a) cure by free radical initiation and (b) expand during cure. BMSOC may be used as a component for dental composites, i.e. filling materials, because it reduces the possibility of leakage at the margin, i.e. at the composite-enamel interface and as a component in bone cements.

Abstract: A process for preparing an adhesive, transparent, corrosion and abrasion resistant polymeric coating on a substrate, such as a glass, plastic or metal such as aluminum or steel. The substrate is coated with a mixture of up to about 15% by weight of an expanding polycyclic monomer such as a spiroorthocarbonate or spiroorthoester, a diepoxy oligomer such as a diglycidyl ether, and a lactone in a concentration of from about 1:2.5 to 1:4.5 by weight of the oligomer. To this mixture is added a catalytic quantity of a boron trihalide-amine complex and a catalytic quantity of an aromatic photocatalyst which releases a carbonium ion upon ultraviolet irradiation. The coated substrate is exposed to broad wavelength UV light for from about 2 to 20 seconds to initiate polymerization. Polymerization of the coating is completed by heating the coated substrate at a temperature of from about 50.degree. to 120.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel zero-valent rhodium catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbyl-lithium compound with a hydrocarbon-soluble complex of a rhodium halide and a ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. It is effective to catalyze the hydrogenation of organic compounds such as benzene, styrene and the like.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel zero-valent rhodium catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbyl-lithium compound with a hydrocarbon-soluble complex of a rhodium halide and a ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. It is effective to catalyze the hydrogenation of organic compounds such as benzene, styrene and the like.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel zero-valent metal catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by the reaction of an organic metal cluster compound wherein one of the metals is lithium with a complex of a metal halide and a ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. It is effective to catalyze the hydrogenation of organic compounds such as benzene, styrene and the like.

Abstract: Flame-retardant polymer compositions containing a pentaerythritol diphosphonate and a halogenated organic compound having at least about 30% halogen. Dimethyl pentaerythritol disphosphonate, i.e., ##STR1## is a preferred ingredient of the composition, as is polypropylene.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of novel zero-valent metal catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by the reaction of an organic metal cluster compound wherein one of the metals is lithium with a complex of a metal halide and a ligand. The catalyst may, if desired, be deposited on a support such as alumina or silica. It is effective to catalyze the hydrogenation of organic compounds such as benzene, styrene and the like.

Abstract: Blends of polycarbonates with from 3 to about 10 weight per cent of a graft polymer having incorporated therein pendent phenalkyl groups exhibit markedly decreased notch sensitivity. The blends have remarkably high clarity and low haze.

Abstract: A food composition stabilized by the presence therein of a small proportion of a dialkyl pentaerythritol diphosphite. The alkyl groups each contain 10-18 carbon atoms.