Abstract: A layer including a topological insulator, the layer including: an arrangement of a plurality of patterns on a surface of the layer, each pattern of the plurality of patterns including at least a non-straight elongated portion. An electronic device including the layer including a topological insulator, and further including first and second electrodes on the layer. Further, the first and second electrodes may be configured to provide electrical connection to the layer. A method of controlling spin transport in the layer includes a topological insulator, the method including: applying circularly polarized light on the layer; and driving an electronic component with a photocurrent produced in the layer by the circularly polarized light.