Abstract: A method is provided for identifying a subject likely to have, or at risk of developing a disease condition correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), including cancer, by identifying in the subject a missense mutation in a nucleic acid of Complex III, IV and/or V of the OXPHOS system. This invention also provides a method of identifying a likelihood of having a heritable predisposition to cancer by detecting a homoplasmic missense mutation in non-tumor tissue of an OXPHOS system gene. This invention also provides a method for detecting likelihood of having cancer, predisposition to cancer, and likelihood of passing a predisposition to cancer to progeny involving identifying in non-tumor tissue of the subject a missense mutation in a complex III, IV and/or V gene of the mitochondrial OXPHOS system. The mutation may be a nuclear or mitochondrial mutation. The invention has been exemplified with respect to prostate cancer.

Abstract: Disclosed is an instrument, assembly, and method for use in a procedure to effect anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy. The instrument comprises a tube assembly having an end effector assembly operably supported thereby, where the end effector assembly includes a harness adapted to receive a balloon portion of a balloon catheter assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is an instrument for use in a procedure to effect anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy having a tube assembly, and an end effector assembly operably supported by the tube assembly. The end effector assembly includes a positioner assembly and an anchor driver assembly in operable mechanical communication with first and second rods of the tube assembly, so as to be actuable by movement of the first and the second rods with respect to a spine member.

Abstract: Disclosed is an instrument and method for use in a procedure to effect anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy. The instrument comprises a tube assembly, and an end effector assembly operably supported thereby, where the end effector assembly includes a positioner assembly and an anchor driver assembly in operable mechanical communication with a handle, for use in performing anastomotic procedures.

Abstract: Disclosed is an instrument for use in a procedure to effect anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy having a tube assembly, and an end effector assembly operably supported by the tube assembly, where the end effector assembly includes an anchor for insertion into and through the patient's bladder wall and pelvic floor and an anchor guide associated therewith.

Abstract: Embodiments for an anchor for use in effecting the anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy are disclosed. The anchor may comprise a shaft with a lodging structure. Alternative embodiments may include a penetration limiting structure, a driver interface proximate to a rearward end, a forward end with a penetration facilitating shape that may comprise a point defined by three flat intersecting faces, a bioabsorbable portion of one or more bioabsorbable materials, and a metal portion of one alloy, or a plurality of alloys which may have differing expansion properties.

Abstract: The instrument disclosed may comprise a tube assembly supporting an end effector that may be adapted for insertion into and through the urethra, and adapted for use in effecting the anastomosis of a patient's bladder and urethra following a prostatectomy. In one embodiment the end effector may comprise a positioner having an extendable and retractable petal operably connected to a tube, an anchor driver, and an anchor releasably held by the anchor driver. In another embodiment the end effector may comprise a positioner and an anchor driver having a driver pin operably connected to a tube.

Abstract: The method disclosed may be used following a prostatectomy, and may comprise inserting an instrument into the bladder lumen through incisions in the abdomen and bladder wall; using an end effector thereon to urge the bladder wall to the pelvic floor and align the openings of the bladder and urethra, and drive an anchor through the bladder wall into the pelvic floor, thereby connecting a balloon harness to the pelvic floor; inflating a balloon within the harness, which holds the bladder wall surrounding the bladder opening against the pelvic floor; maintaining the balloon in place and draining the bladder via a catheter during the time required for the tissues to effectively knit; and then deflating the balloon, disconnecting the harness, and withdrawing the instrument. The instrument may comprise one or more tubes that support an end effector comprising a positioner, an anchor driver, a harness, a balloon and a catheter.