Abstract: In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to an electrode having a first layer and a second layer. In some embodiments, the first layer includes a conductive polymer. In some embodiments, the second layer is positioned above the first layer. In some embodiments, the second layer includes an inorganic material that forms a conductive network on the first layer. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method of making an electrode. In general, the method providing a mold with a desired indented pattern, pouring a solution including a conductive polymer into the indented pattern to form a first layer, and pouring a solution including an inorganic material onto the first layer to form a second layer. In some embodiments, the inorganic material forms a conductive network on the first layer.

Abstract: A flexible electrode includes a layer of an interpenetrating network of silver nanowires and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and a core comprising a foam. The layer of interpenetrating network of silver nanowires and PEDOT:PSS are wrapped around the core. A wearable device includes a current source comprising a pair of outer electrodes, and voltage sensors comprising one or two pairs of internal electrodes that are arranged between the outer electrodes. At least one electrode of these electrodes is a flexible electrode.