Abstract: The present invention relates to a release layer for a metal foil with carrier and a metal foil with carrier including the release layer. The release layer is designed for easy removal of the carrier and includes one or more nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds and one or more inorganic compounds containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, phosphorus, manganese, and iron.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel compounds of Chemical Formula 1, optical isomers of the compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds or the optical isomers. The compounds, isomers, and salts exhibit excellent activity as GLP-1 receptor agonists. In particular, they, as GLP-1 receptor agonists, exhibit excellent glucose tolerance, thus having a great potential to be used as therapeutic agents for metabolic diseases. Moreover, they exhibit excellent pharmacological safety for cardiovascular systems.

Abstract: A polarization-dependent type directional isolator. The polarization-dependent type directional isolator comprises a pair of first optical means positioned at a path along which light travels for changing the rotation direction of an incident light depending on the traveling direction of the incident light; a pair of second optical means for rotating the incident light by a given angle; and a third optical means positioned between the pair of second optical means for passing through only specific components of the components of the incident light, thereby making it possible to obtain laser outputs oscillating in both directions independently.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling gain of an optical fiber amplifier includes a plurality of optical isolators, an excitation light source, a wavelength division optical fiber coupler, and a special optical fiber. At least one of the optical isolators is disposed at both input and output ports of the optical fiber amplifier so that an input signal light can propagate in one direction. The wavelength division optical fiber coupler couples excitation light from the excitation light source to the input signal light or separates one of the excitation light and the input signal light from the other.