Abstract: For example, a User Equipment (UE) may be configured to generate a client identity element including a user identifier (ID) and a device ID, the user ID based on an identity of a user of the UE, the device ID based on a device identifier of the UE; transmit a registration message from the UE to a device management server to register the UE, the registration message including the client identity element; and transmit a service request to a service provider to initiate access of the UE to a service of the service provider, wherein the service request includes the client identity element.

Abstract: For example, an apparatus may include a computing device housing configured to house a motherboard of a computing device, the computing device housing including a base surface, a top surface opposite to the base surface, and a side-wall surface between the base surface and the top surface; and a light communicator configured to extend outward from the side-wall surface of the housing to communicate modulated light of a Visible Light Communication (VLC) transmission in a range of VLC directions.