Abstract: Cathodes and lithium secondary batteries including the cathodes are disclosed. In some implementations, a cathode may include a cathode current collector and a cathode active material layer disposed on the cathode current collector and including cathode active material particles such that the cathode active material layer satisfies a specific equation. The cathode active material particles may include lithium metal oxide particles that include nickel, and may have a mole fraction of cobalt of 0.02 or less with respect to all elements except for lithium and oxygen.

Abstract: In one example, a semiconductor device can comprise a substrate, a device stack, first and second internal interconnects, and an encapsulant. The substrate can comprise a first and second substrate sides opposite each other, a substrate outer sidewall between the first substrate side and the second substrate side, and a substrate inner sidewall defining a cavity between the first substrate side and the second substrate side. The device stack can be in the cavity and can comprise a first electronic device, and a second electronic device stacked on the first electronic device. The first internal interconnect can be coupled to the substrate and the device stack. The encapsulant can cover the substrate inner sidewall and the device stack and can fill the cavity. Other examples and related methods are disclosed herein.

Abstract: A cathode for a lithium secondary battery includes a cathode current collector, and a cathode active material layer formed on the cathode current collector. The cathode active material layer includes cathode active material particles. The cathode active material particles include a lithium metal oxide particle containing nickel and having a mole fraction of cobalt of 0.02 or less among all elements except lithium and oxygen.

Abstract: A set of reference moisture value of the plurality of sample skin is measured with conventional skin moisture measuring device. Then a set of standard calibration equation is provided from calculating a set of measured reflectance spectra of calibration and the set of reference moisture value by using the multivariate regression, and it is stored at a memory. The next steps are to measure skin moisture of test skin with reference to the set of standard calibration equation stored at the memory. By radiating near infrared on the test skin and sensing a set of reflectance spectra with the portable skin moisture measuring apparatus by using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy system, the skin moisture is measured at a repeatable and stable way, regardless of the variation of temperature or humidity of the external circumstance.