Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes: a memory; and a processor configured to execute one or more instructions stored in the memory to: determine a scale weight for each pixel of original pixels in an original image based on first attribute-related information set by dividing the original image into an object region and a peripheral region, respectively; determine an additional weight for at least one pixel of the original pixels in the peripheral region, based on the first attribute-related information, and second attribute-related information that is based on an amount of a change between pixel values of adjacent pixels; and obtain a transformed image of which a size is changed from the original image, by applying at least one of the scale weight and the additional weight to corresponding pixels of the original pixels to obtain a pixel value of a transformed pixel in the transformed image.

Abstract: A method of decoding motion information may include: obtaining, from a bitstream, change information indicating whether to change motion information of a neighboring block; when the change information indicates a change of the motion information and a higher block is able to use one reference picture list, identifying the number of pictures included in the reference picture list of the current block; selecting, as a reference picture of the current block, a reference picture of the neighboring block based on the number of pictures; when the reference picture of the neighboring block is selected as the reference picture of the current block, obtaining a motion vector of the current block by applying an offset to a motion vector of the neighboring block; and reconstructing the current block by using a reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block in the reference picture of the current block.

Abstract: A method of decoding motion information may include: obtaining, from a bitstream, change information indicating whether to change motion information of a neighboring block; when the change information indicates a change of the motion information and a higher block is able to use one reference picture list, identifying the number of pictures included in the reference picture list of the current block; selecting, as a reference picture of the current block, a reference picture of the neighboring block based on the number of pictures; when the reference picture of the neighboring block is selected as the reference picture of the current block, obtaining a motion vector of the current block by applying an offset to a motion vector of the neighboring block; and reconstructing the current block by using a reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block in the reference picture of the current block.

Abstract: An image encoding and decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image decoding method includes obtaining a difference quantization parameter for a current coding unit from a bitstream, based on an area of a predefined difference quantization parameter signaling unit; obtaining a quantization parameter for the current coding unit by using a predicted quantization parameter for the current coding unit and the difference quantization parameter for the current coding unit; obtaining at least one inverse-quantized coefficient by performing inverse-quantization on at least one coefficient obtained based on residual information of the current coding unit included in the bitstream, based on the quantization parameter for the current coding unit; obtaining a residual block of the current coding unit, based on the inverse-quantized coefficient; and obtaining a reconstructed block of the current coding unit, based on the residual block of the current coding unit.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material, including silicon nanoparticles including an amorphous carbon coating layer on a surface of the silicon nanoparticles; and pores, wherein the negative electrode active material has a sphericity as represented by Equation 1 of about 0.9 to about 1.0, and the pores include mesopores, and a ratio of a mesopores volume relative to a total pore volume of the negative electrode active material is about 30% or more and less than about 70%, and Sphericity ? ( S ) = 4 ? ? × A / B 2 [ Equation ? 1 ] in Equation 1, A is an area of the negative electrode active material and B is a circumference of a shape of the negative electrode active material.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material, including a core which includes a silicon-carbon composite; and a polymer coating layer on the core including a silicon-carbon composite, wherein the negative electrode active material has a (100) plane peak and a (002) plane peak during an X-ray diffraction measurement using a CuK? ray.

Abstract: Provided is an image decoding method including: obtaining, from a bitstream, a syntax element regarding multiple transform selection (MTS) with respect to a current coding unit or a current transform unit included in the current coding unit; determining a horizontal transform kernel or a vertical transform kernel with respect to the current transform unit based on the obtained syntax element; obtaining a residual signal by performing inverse transformation on the current transform unit, based on the determined horizontal transform kernel or vertical transform kernel with respect to the current transform unit; and generating a reconstruction block including the current coding unit or the current transform unit based on the residual signal with respect to the current transform unit.

Abstract: A video decoding method includes predicting a current block according to an intra prediction mode of the current block, determining whether to apply position dependent intra prediction filtering to the current block according to the intra prediction mode of the current block, when the position dependent intra prediction filtering is applied to the current block, determining at least one of an upper reference sample, a left reference sample, an upper weight, and a left weight for the position dependent intra prediction filtering of a current sample of the current block according to the intra prediction mode of the current block, and applying the position dependent intra prediction filtering to the current sample of the current block according to at least one of the upper reference sample, the left reference sample, the upper weight, and the left weight.

Abstract: Provided are a video encoding or decoding method and apparatus, which, during video encoding and decoding processes, determine whether an intra prediction mode of the current block is a DC mode, when the intra prediction mode of the current block is the DC mode, in a case where lengths of a height and a width of the current block are the same, determine an average of upper reference samples of the current block and left reference samples of the current block, as a DC value, and in a case where the lengths of the height and the width of the current block are different from each other, determine a weighted average value, which is determined by determining an average of the upper reference samples of the current block as an upper DC value, determine an average of the left reference samples of the current block as a left DC value, and combining the upper value and the left DC value with a predetermined weight, as a DC value, and perform intra prediction on the current block, based on the DC value.

Abstract: A negative active material includes a core having a silicon-carbon composite and a polymer coating layer formed on the core, wherein the negative active material has about 1.02 to about 1.6 of a ratio of height of N1s peak occurring at about 400±about 0.5 eV relative to a height of N1s peak occurring at about 405±about 0.5 eV of a bonding energy, and about 1.02 to about 3.0 of a ratio of a height of C1s peak occurring at about 286.5±about 0.5 eV relative to a height of C1s peak occurring at about 290±about 0.5 eV when an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is measured.

Abstract: A method of decoding motion information may include: obtaining, from a bitstream, change information indicating whether to change motion information of a neighboring block; when the change information indicates a change of the motion information and a higher block is able to use one reference picture list, identifying the number of pictures included in the reference picture list of the current block; selecting, as a reference picture of the current block, a reference picture of the neighboring block based on the number of pictures; when the reference picture of the neighboring block is selected as the reference picture of the current block, obtaining a motion vector of the current block by applying an offset to a motion vector of the neighboring block; and reconstructing the current block by using a reference block indicated by the motion vector of the current block in the reference picture of the current block.

Abstract: An artificial intelligence (AI)-based frame interpolation method includes obtaining, from among consecutive frames of an image, feature maps for a first frame at a plurality of levels and feature maps for a second frame at the plurality of levels, obtaining, via a flow estimation neural network, a first optical flow from a first feature map at a certain level to a second feature map at the certain level and a second optical flow from the second feature map at the certain level to the first feature map at the certain level, and obtaining a forward-warped first feature map by forward-warping the first feature map using the first optical flow and a forward-warped second feature map by forward-warping the second feature map using the second optical flow.

Abstract: Provided is a video decoding method including: obtaining constrained prediction information indicating whether a constrained intra prediction mode is enabled; generating reconstructed samples of a current block by using prediction samples of the current block and residual samples of the current block; when the constrained intra prediction mode is enabled by the constrained prediction information and a prediction mode of a neighboring block is not an intra prediction mode, determining a padding value corresponding to a neighboring sample adjacent to outside of a boundary between the current block and the neighboring block, by using the reconstructed samples of the current block; and performing post-reconstruction filtering on the current block, by using the padding value corresponding to the neighboring sample.

Abstract: In a video encoding and decoding process, provided are a method and apparatus for determining whether a slice including an adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side of a current pixel from among adjacent pixels used for an adaptive loop filter of the current pixel is different from a slice including the current pixel, when the slice including the adjacent pixel at the upper-left or lower-right location is different from the slice including the current pixel, determining a value of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side as a value of a closest pixel in a horizontal direction of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side from among pixels included in the slice including the current pixel, determining an adaptive loop filter including a filter coefficient for the current pixel and the adjacent pixels based on values of the current pixel and the adjacent pixels, correcting the value of the current pixel by using the values of the adjacent pixels,

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods of image decoding and image encoding. In one or more embodiments, an image decoding method may comprise determining a first sample value of an upper left reference sample of the current block. The image decoding method may further comprise sequentially searching for a searched reference sample of at least one reference line from a plurality of reference lines, except for the upper left reference sample. The image decoding method may further comprise determining a second sample value of remaining reference samples of the current block, except for the upper left reference sample. The image decoding method may further comprise performing intra prediction on the current block to obtain a prediction block of the current block. The image decoding method may further comprise obtaining a residual block of the current block and a reconstruction block of the current block.

Abstract: In a video encoding and decoding process, provided are a method and apparatus for determining whether a slice including an adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side of a current pixel from among adjacent pixels used for an adaptive loop filter of the current pixel is different from a slice including the current pixel, when the slice including the adjacent pixel at the upper-left or lower-right location is different from the slice including the current pixel, determining a value of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side as a value of a closest pixel in a horizontal direction of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side from among pixels included in the slice including the current pixel, determining an adaptive loop filter including a filter coefficient for the current pixel and the adjacent pixels based on values of the current pixel and the adjacent pixels, correcting the value of the current pixel by using the values of the adjacent pixels,

Abstract: In a video encoding and decoding process, provided are a method and apparatus for determining whether a slice including an adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side of a current pixel from among adjacent pixels used for an adaptive loop filter of the current pixel is different from a slice including the current pixel, when the slice including the adjacent pixel at the upper-left or lower-right location is different from the slice including the current pixel, determining a value of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side as a value of a closest pixel in a horizontal direction of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side from among pixels included in the slice including the current pixel, determining an adaptive loop filter including a filter coefficient for the current pixel and the adjacent pixels based on values of the current pixel and the adjacent pixels, correcting the value of the current pixel by using the values of the adjacent pixels,

Abstract: In a video encoding and decoding process, provided are a method and apparatus for determining whether a slice including an adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side of a current pixel from among adjacent pixels used for an adaptive loop filter of the current pixel is different from a slice including the current pixel, when the slice including the adjacent pixel at the upper-left or lower-right location is different from the slice including the current pixel, determining a value of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side as a value of a closest pixel in a horizontal direction of the adjacent pixel located at the upper-left or lower-right side from among pixels included in the slice including the current pixel, determining an adaptive loop filter including a filter coefficient for the current pixel and the adjacent pixels based on values of the current pixel and the adjacent pixels, correcting the value of the current pixel by using the values of the adjacent pixels,

Abstract: Provided are a video encoding or decoding method and apparatus, which, during video encoding and decoding processes, determine whether an intra prediction mode of the current block is a DC mode, when the intra prediction mode of the current block is the DC mode, in a case where lengths of a height and a width of the current block are the same, determine an average of upper reference samples of the current block and left reference samples of the current block, as a DC value, and in a case where the lengths of the height and the width of the current block are different from each other, determine a weighted average value, which is determined by determining an average of the upper reference samples of the current block as an upper DC value, determine an average of the left reference samples of the current block as a left DC value, and combining the upper value and the left DC value with a predetermined weight, as a DC value, and perform intra prediction on the current block, based on the DC value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an image decoding method according to an embodiment, the image decoding method including: obtaining a first reference block and a second reference block, for bi-directional prediction of a current block; obtaining, from a bitstream, weight information for combining the first reference block with the second reference block; performing entropy decoding on the weight information to obtain a weight index; combining the first reference block with the second reference block according to a candidate value indicated by the weight index among candidate values included in a weight candidate group; and reconstructing the current block based on a result of the combining, wherein a first binary value corresponding to the weight index is entropy-decoded based on a context model, and the remaining binary value corresponding to the weight index is entropy-decoded by a bypass method.