Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for estimating the total base number of used oil in an engine. The systems and methods can involve characterizing the sulfur content and at least one other element content of the oil both before introduction into the engine and after passing through an engine cylinder during combustion. Depending on the aspect, a total base number of the oil prior to use can also be measured, or the total base number before use can be estimated based on the at least one element content.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a lithium complex grease with high-temperature resistivity and a method of using the same. The lithium complex grease includes: a lithium complex thickener, a friction modifier, a polymer or copolymer, and at least one synthetic base oil with alkylated naphthalene. The lithium complex grease can be substantially free of polytetrafluoroethylene. Furthermore, the lithium complex grease provides a median failure rate via a ball bearing test (e.g., using the FE9 grease life test method of DIN 51 821) performed at 160° C. of no less than 100 hours.

Abstract: Provided are marine lubricating oils including from 15 to 95 wt % of a Group III base stock having a kinematic viscosity at 100 deg. C. of 4 to 12 cSt, 0.5 to 55 wt % of cobase stock having a kinematic viscosity at 100 deg. C. of 29 to 1000 cSt, 0.1 to 2.0 wt % of a molydithiocarbamate friction modifier, 0.1 to 2.0 wt % of a zinc dithiocarbamate anti-wear additive, and 2 to 30 wt % of other lubricating oil additives. The cobase stock is selected from the group consisting of a Group I, a Group IV, a Group V and combinations thereof. Also provided are methods of making and using the marine lubricating oils.

Abstract: Technical lignin compositions and pyrolysis methods for forming such technical lignin compositions from pyrolyzed biomass are provided. The technical lignin compositions can include at least about 50 wt % phenolic polymers and/or at least about 75 wt % combined phenolic monomers and phenolic polymers. In some aspects, less than about 50 wt % of the linkages between benzylic units in the phenolic polymers and/or in the composition can correspond to ?-O-4 linkages. At least about 50 wt % of the hydroxyl groups in the composition can correspond to phenolic hydroxyl groups. At least about 60 wt % of the phenolic hydroxyl groups and/or phenolic ether groups can correspond to phenolic hydroxyl groups and/or phenolic ether groups in an ortho position relative to at least one substituent.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for estimating the total base number of used oil in an engine. The systems and methods can involve characterizing the sulfur content and at least one other element content of the oil both before introduction into the engine and after passing through an engine cylinder during combustion. Depending on the aspect, a total base number of the oil prior to use can also be measured, or the total base number before use can be estimated based on the at least one element content.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a lithium complex grease with high-temperature resistivity and a method of making the same. The lithium complex grease includes: a lithium complex thickener, a friction modifier, a polymer or copolymer, and at least one synthetic base oil with alkylated naphthalene. The lithium complex grease can be substantially free of polytetrafluoroethylene. Furthermore, the lithium complex grease can have a median failure rate with via ball bearing test (e.g., using the FE9 grease life test method of DIN 51 821) performed at 160° C. of no less than 100 hours.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a continuous process for preparing a grease thickener product in which operating conditions of the continuous process can be varied to obtain desired grease product properties. The process includes: (a) introducing a C3 to C30 hydroxy fatty acid or a C3 to C30 hydroxy fatty acid ester, and a metal base into a reaction zone; (b) operating the reaction zone at a temperature between 100° C. and 240° C. to react the C3 to C30 hydroxy fatty acid or the C3 to C30 hydroxy fatty acid ester, and the metal base, to produce a grease thickener product; (c) introducing the grease thickener product of step (b) into a flash chamber zone; and (d) operating the flash chamber zone at a temperature sufficient to remove volatiles from the grease thickener product of step (b). The continuous process conditions afford a production throughput of grease thickener product of greater than 8,000 pounds per hour.

Abstract: Provided are marine lubricating oils including from 15 to 95 wt % of a Group III base stock having a kinematic viscosity at 100 deg. C of 4 to 12 cSt, 0.5 to 55 wt % of cobase stock having a kinematic viscosity at 100 deg. C of 29 to 1000 cSt, 0.1 to 2.0 wt % of a molydithiocarbamate friction modifier, 0.1 to 2.0 wt % of a zinc dithiocarbamate anti-wear additive, and 2 to 30 wt % of other lubricating oil additives. The cobase stock is selected from the group consisting of a Group I, a Group IV, a Group V and combinations thereof Also provided are methods of making and using the marine lubricating oils.

Abstract: Technical lignin compositions and pyrolysis methods for forming such technical lignin compositions from pyrolyzed biomass are provided. The technical lignin compositions can include at least about 50 wt % phenolic polymers and/or at least about 75 wt % combined phenolic monomers and phenolic polymers. In some aspects, less than about 50 wt % of the linkages between benzylic units in the phenolic polymers and/or in the composition can correspond to ?-O-4 linkages. At least about 50 wt% of the hydroxyl groups in the composition can correspond to phenolic hydroxyl groups. At least about 60 wt % of the phenolic hydroxyl groups and/or phenolic ether groups can correspond to phenolic hydroxyl groups and/or phenolic ether groups in an ortho position relative to at least one substituent.