Abstract: A system includes a semiconductor substrate having at least two electrodes disposed thereon, a dielectric layer disposed over the electrodes, a graphene layer disposed over the dielectric layer and electrically isolated from the electrodes, and a differential amplifier operatively connected to the electrodes and electrically isolated from the graphene layer. A radiation-sensitive layer may be disposed over the graphene layer and a voltage source may be operatively connected to two of the electrodes. The system may be contained on an integrated circuit and may be used to sense radiation in liquid and gas form.

Abstract: A graphene based detector device can include a source, a drain, and a gate. The gate can incorporate a discharging element and a graphene sheet that is proximate to the discharging element. The graphene sheet for the transistor can have a decreasing width, from a maximum width w2 distal to the discharging element to a minimum width w1 proximate to the discharging element. An electric potential can be established across graphene sheet, to facilitate funneling of the electrons from the graphene sheet (which are caused by quanta of electromagnetic radiation) toward the discharging element. The devices can be formed in an array to establish an antenna that operates according to the quantum nature of light, as opposed to resonance (wavelength). Multiple graphene layers that are doped using different materials can be included. The multiple layer funnel electrons at specific frequencies, to create an operating frequency range for the device.