Abstract: The present disclosure is in the field of chemical sciences. The present disclosure relates to a process for removal of anion from aqueous solution. The process involves removal of sulphate ion from aqueous solution using cation and organic solvent that enables precipitation of the sulphate ion from the aqueous solution. The process is simple, efficient, cost-effective, ecofriendly, enables recovery of sulphate ions, calcium ions as calcium sulphate with high purity and also enables the recovery of organic solvent in the range of about 88% to about 99%.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst and a process for preparing the same. The acidic functionality of the catalyst is suppressed by using a chloride free alumina and coating the chloride free alumina with Group V B metal oxide in the catalyst, which helps in minimizing the cracking reactions and achieving higher selectivity for liquid hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst composition comprising a spherical gamma AI2O3 support; at least one Group VB metal oxide sheet coated on to the AI2O3 support; and at least one active metal and at least one promoter metal impregnated on the AI2O3 coated support. The reforming catalyst composition of the present disclosure has improved activity, better selectivity for total aromatics during naphtha reforming and results in less coke formation. The reforming catalyst composition has improved catalyst performance with simultaneous modification of acidic sites as well as metallic sites through metal support interaction. The acid site cracking activity of the catalyst is inhibited because of the use of chloride free alumina support modified with solid acid such as Group VB metal oxide and impregnated with active metals.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a process for preparing a hydrocarbon fuel from waste rubber. The process involves admixing, in a reaction vessel, at least one fluid medium with the waste rubber to obtain a slurry; wherein the concentration of the waste rubber in the slurry ranges from 45% to 70%. A reactor is charged with the slurry and a predetermined amount of at least one catalyst composition to obtain a mixture, followed by introduction of hydrogen to the reactor to attain a predetermined pressure and heating the mixture at a predetermined temperature, to attain an autogenously generated pressure, and for a predetermined time period to obtain a reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel. This reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel is then cooled to obtain a cooled reaction mass. The hydrocarbon fuel is then separated from the cooled reaction mass.

Abstract: A process and system for modifying heterogeneous catalysts by contacting them with chemical compounds to functionalize the surface of the heterogeneous catalyst. A polymetallic catalyst including bimetallic catalyst is functionalized on its surface by employing a precursor of an inorganic compound. The precursor of the inorganic compound is an organometallic compound, and the metal based inorganic compound is aluminum oxide. A process and system for surface modification functionalization of the heterogeneous catalysts at conditions including room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for preparing a catalyst. The process comprises coating zeolite gel over the alumina support to obtain a chloride free zeolite gel coated alumina support, crystallizing the chloride free zeolite gel coated alumina support, washing, drying and calcining the crystallized zeolite coated alumina support to obtain a calcined crystallized chloride free zeolite coated alumina support, treating the calcined crystallized chloride free zeolite coated alumina support with ammonium nitrate to obtain sodium free support, washing, drying, and calcining the support to obtain a calcined chloride free zeolite coated alumina support, immersing the calcined chloride free zeolite coated alumina support in an active metal and a promoter metal solution mixture followed by stirring to obtain a metal coated chloride free zeolite coated alumina support, and drying and calcining the metal coated chloride free zeolite coated alumina support to obtain the catalyst.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for catalyst assisted production of crude bio-oil from biomass, which involves heating a mixture of biomass slurry and a catalyst at a temperature ranging from 200 to 350° C. and at a pressure ranging from 70 to 250 bars to obtain a mass containing the crude bio-oil. The crude bio-oil is separated from said mass to obtain a separated crude bio-oil. The catalyst being soluble in water is recovered from the aqueous phase and is reused for the preparation of crude bio-oil from biomass.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a multi-metallic catalyst system comprising at least one support, and at least one promoter component and an active component comprising at least two metals uniformly dispersed on the support. The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the multi-metallic catalyst system. Further, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing upgraded fuel from biomass. The process is carried out in two steps. In the first step, a biomass slurry is prepared and is heated in the presence of hydrogen and a multi-metallic catalyst that comprises at least one support, at least one promoter component, and an active component comprising at least two metals to obtain crude biofuel as an intermediate product. The intermediate product obtained in the first step is then cooled and filtered to obtain a filtered intermediate product. In the second step, the filtered intermediate product is hydrogenated in the presence of the multi-metallic catalyst to obtain the upgraded fuel.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for the conversion of biomass to crude bio-oil. Phycocyanin is extracted from the biomass to form phycocyanin extracted biomass (PEB) and subjecting the PEB to HTL conversion to obtain crude bio-oil. PEB results in improved yield of crude bio-oil as compared to the crude bio-oil yield from biomass without first extracting the phycocyanin from the biomass.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a multi-metallic catalyst system comprising at least one support, and at least one promoter component and an active component comprising at least two metals uniformly dispersed on the support. The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the multi-metallic catalyst system. Further, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing upgraded fuel from biomass. The process is carried out in two steps. In the first step, a biomass slurry is prepared and is heated in the presence of hydrogen and a multi-metallic catalyst that comprises at least one support, at least one promoter component, and an active component comprising at least two metals to obtain crude biofuel as an intermediate product. The intermediate product obtained in the first step is then cooled and filtered to obtain a filtered intermediate product. In the second step, the filtered intermediate product is hydrogenated in the presence of the multi-metallic catalyst to obtain the upgraded fuel.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for the production of crude bio-oil which involves heating a mixture of biomass slurry and a mixed catalyst system in the presence of a hydrogen source at a temperature ranging from 200 to 350° C. and at a pressure ranging from 70 to 250 bars to obtain a mass containing crude bio-oil. The crude bio-oil can then be separated from said mass containing crude bio-oil. The mixed catalyst system remains in solid form and can be easily separated and reused in the next cycle of hydrothermal conversion of biomass to crude bio-oil.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a catalyst composition for conversion of biomass to crude bio oil. The composition comprises at least one metal compound, at least one support and at least one stabilizing/solubilizing agent. Also disclosed are processes for the preparation of catalyst composition, and hydrothermal conversion of biomass to crude bio oil.

Abstract: The instant disclosure relates to a composition comprising potassium carbonate and calcium acetate, optionally along with sulfur containing compound. The composition of the present disclosure reduces coke formation during hydrocarbon cracking, particularly reduces surface coke and spalled coke during hydrocarbon cracking when compared to hydrocarbon cracking without the said composition. The disclosure further relates to a method for reducing formation and/or deposition of coke during pyrolysis or cracking of hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst and a process for preparing the same. The acidic functionality of the catalyst is suppressed by using a chloride free alumina and coating the chloride free alumina with Group V B metal oxide in the catalyst, which helps in minimizing the cracking reactions and achieving higher selectivity for liquid hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for the production of bio-oil which involves heating a mixture of a biomass slurry and a first catalyst composition at a temperature ranging from 200 to 350° C. and at a pressure ranging from 70 to 250 bars to obtain a mass containing crude bio oil, a residue and the catalyst; separating the crude bio oil from said mass to obtain a separated crude bio oil; extracting said separated crude bio oil with at least one solvent and evaporating said solvent to obtain a solvent free crude bio oil; subjecting said solvent free crude bio oil to reduction in the presence of a second catalyst composition and hydrogen source at temperature and pressure conditions similar to those employed for the conversion of bio mass into crude bio oil to obtain bio-oil. The second catalyst composition is the same as that of the first catalyst composition.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a naphtha reforming process for obtaining reformed naphtha comprising contacting naphtha with a catalyst, the catalyst comprising a chloride free zeolite coated alumina support impregnated with 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt % active metal and 0.01 wt % to 0.5 wt % promoter metal, wherein the thickness of the zeolite coating on the alumina support ranges from 100 ?m to 200 ?m, which results in formation of reformed products of naphtha and ethylbenzene formed in-situ.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a process for preparing a hydrocarbon fuel from waste rubber. The process involves admixing, in a reaction vessel, at least one fluid medium with the waste rubber to obtain a slurry; wherein the concentration of the waste rubber in the slurry ranges from 45% to 70%. A reactor is charged with the slurry and a predetermined amount of at least one catalyst composition to obtain a mixture, followed by introduction of hydrogen to the reactor to attain a predetermined pressure and heating the mixture at a predetermined temperature, to attain an autogenously generated pressure, and for a predetermined time period to obtain a reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel. This reaction mass comprising the hydrocarbon fuel is then cooled to obtain a cooled reaction mass. The hydrocarbon fuel is then separated from the cooled reaction mass.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a reforming catalyst composition comprising a spherical gamma AI2O3 support; at least one Group VB metal oxide sheet coated on to the AI2O3 support; and at least one active metal and at least one promoter metal impregnated on the AI2O3 coated support. The reforming catalyst composition of the present disclosure has improved activity, better selectivity for total aromatics during naphtha reforming and results in less coke formation. The reforming catalyst composition has improved catalyst performance with simultaneous modification of acidic sites as well as metallic sites through metal support interaction. The acid site cracking activity of the catalyst is inhibited because of the use of chloride free alumina support modified with solid acid such as Group VB metal oxide and impregnated with active metals.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process and system for modifying heterogeneous catalysts by contacting them with chemical compounds. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to an easy and convenient process for surface functionalizing of a heterogeneous catalyst such as polymetallic catalyst including bimetallic catalyst by employing precursor of inorganic compound, wherein the precursor is organometallic compound and wherein the inorganic compound includes but is not limited to a metal based inorganic compound such as aluminium oxide. The present disclosure thus provides for easy and convenient process and system for surface modification/functionalization of heterogeneous catalysts by employing precursor of inorganic compound at conditions including but not limiting to room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: The present disclosure is in the field of chemical sciences. The present disclosure relates to a process for removal of anion from aqueous solution. The process involves removal of sulphate ion from aqueous solution using cation and organic solvent that enables precipitation of the sulphate ion from the aqueous solution. The process is simple, efficient, cost-effective, ecofriendly, enables recovery of sulphate ions, calcium ions as calcium sulphate with high purity and also enables the recovery of organic solvent in the range of about 88% to about 99%.