Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a method. The method includes forming a structure over a substrate, and forming a spacer layer on the structure, wherein the spacer layer has a recess. The method includes forming a mask layer over the spacer layer and in the recess, the mask layer including a first layer, a second layer and a third layer. The method includes patterning the third layer of the mask layer, and etching the first layer and the second layer of the mask layer to form an opening to expose the recess of the spacer layer, wherein the opening in the second layer has a first width; and. The method includes removing the second layer using a wet etchant, wherein the opening in the third layer has a second width, and the second with is greater than the first width.

Abstract: A process for preparing azelaic acid is disclosed. In particular, the process for preparing azelaic acid is an ozone free process. The process for preparing azelaic acid comprises a step of decarboxylation of tetra-carboxylic acid in the presence of a organic sulfonic acid.

Abstract: A process for preparing azelaic acid is disclosed. In particular, the process for preparing azelaic acid is an ozone free process. The process for preparing azelaic acid comprises a step of decarboxylation of tetra-carboxylic acid in the presence of a organic sulfonic acid.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method of making vitamin K1. The mentioned method of making vitamin K1 comprises performing a first one-pot synthesis with base catalyst, performing a first hydrolysis, performing a substitution, and performing a second one-pot synthesis without metal oxidant. The starting material of this invention is stable 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Preferably, this invention provides a method of making vitamin K1 efficiently on simplifying the operation and decreasing the side-product. More preferably, without metal residue, the vitamin K1 of this invention is without metal residue and more safety for clinical application.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method of making vitamin K1. The mentioned method of making vitamin K1 comprises performing a first one-pot synthesis with base catalyst, performing a first hydrolysis, performing a substitution, and performing a second one-pot synthesis without metal oxidant. The starting material of this invention is stable 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Preferably, this invention provides a method of making vitamin K1 efficiently on simplifying the operation and decreasing the side-product. More preferably, without metal residue, the vitamin K1 of this invention is without metal residue and more safety for clinical application.

Abstract: This invention discloses novel crystalline polymorphs of acetyl-glycine-beta-alanine and process of making the same. The mentioned crystalline polymorphs can exhibit excellent purity and storage stability according to this invention. Therefore, the mentioned crystalline polymorphs can be applied in topical cosmetic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions as skin care preparations, or other functional preparations.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for inhibiting melanin formation composition by applying a glycine derivative, having a structure shown in the following general equation (I): wherein R1 represents a C1˜C4 alkyl group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and n represents an integer of 1˜6.

Abstract: This invention discloses novel crystalline polymorphs of acetyl-glycine-beta-alanine and process of making the same. The mentioned crystalline polymorphs can exhibit excellent purity and storage stability according to this invention. Therefore, the mentioned crystalline polymorphs can be applied in topical cosmetic compositions, pharmaceutical compositions as skin care preparations, or other functional preparations.

Abstract: This invention discloses method for inhibiting inflammation and reducing melanophilin expression with glycine derivatives and the composition thereof. The mentioned glycine derivatives can not only efficiently inhibit skin inflammation, but also can present significant melanophilin expression reduction. This mentioned composition of this invention comprises the glycine derivatives, and shows melanophilin expression reduction and anti-inflammatory effect. The mentioned composition can be applied in topical cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions as skin care preparations, or functional preparations.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for inhibiting melanin formation composition by applying a glycine derivative, having a structure shown in the following general equation (I): wherein R1 represents a C1-C4 alkyl group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and n represents an integer of 1-6.

Abstract: The invention provides a glycine derivative, having a structure shown in the following general equation (I): wherein R1 represents a C1˜C4 alkyl group; R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; and n represents an integer of 1˜6.

Abstract: The present invention discloses compounds with a carboxyl acid group and an amide group which also containing the tertiary amino groups. The carboxyl acid group having a partial negative charge can attract the tertiary amino group with each other to form a quaternary ammonium salt structure, so that the compounds are easy to dissolve in water. Moreover, these compounds having a mushroom tyrosinase-inhibition effect and have the potential to use in the cosmetics for skin whitening.

Abstract: A process for synthesis of androstane 17-? carbothioic acid is provided. The process includes mixing an androstane 17-? carboxylic acid and a coupling reagent, and adding an alkanethioic acid to form an androstane 17-? carbothioic acid, wherein the androstane 17-? carbothioic acid has the formula (I): wherein R1 represents hydrogen or haloalkyl groups, R2 represents C1-8 linear alkyl groups, C1-8 branched alkyl groups, C1-6 unsaturated acyclic groups or aromatic groups, R3 represents hydrogen or hydroxyl, R4 represents hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or fluorine and R5 represents hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or fluorine. The process is a one-pot reaction.

Abstract: The present invention discloses compounds with a carboxyl acid group and an amide group which also containing the tertiary amino groups. The carboxyl acid group having a partial negative charge can attract the tertiary amino group with each other to form a quaternary ammonium salt structure, so that the compounds are easy to dissolve in water. Moreover, these compounds having a mushroom tyrosinase-inhibition effect and have the potential to use in the cosmetics for skin whitening.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the ascorbic acid derivatives. The inventive molecules that combine with one or two hydrophilic headgroups connected by a hydrophobic spacer can increase skin penetration.

Abstract: The present invention discloses the ascorbic acid derivatives. The inventive molecules that combine with one or two hydrophilic headgroups connected by a hydrophobic spacer can increase skin penetration.

Abstract: A process for synthesis of androstane 17-? carbothioic acid is provided. The process includes mixing an androstane 17-? carboxylic acid and a coupling reagent, and adding an alkanethioic acid to form an androstane 17-? carbothioic acid, wherein the androstane 17-? carbothioic acid has the formula (I): wherein R1 represents hydrogen or haloalkyl groups, R2 represents C1-8 linear alkyl groups, C1-8 branched alkyl groups, C1-6 unsaturated acyclic groups or aromatic groups, R3 represents hydrogen or hydroxyl, R4 represents hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or fluorine and R5 represents hydrogen, bromine, chlorine or fluorine. The process is a one-pot reaction.