Abstract: A media stream sending method, apparatus, and system includes a proxy server that receives a first live broadcast room request message and a second live broadcast room request message that are sent by a same proxy client; the proxy server receives a first live media stream that is sent by a media server to a first client and a second live media stream that is sent by the media server to a second client; and when a role of the first client is a master user and a role of the second client is a slave user, the proxy server sends the first live media stream to the proxy client such that the proxy client sends the first live media stream to the first client and the second client.

Abstract: A method for determining quality of service (QoS) includes receiving a first Internet Protocol (IP) packet, where the first IP packet includes a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet and a first IP header, determining, based on information in the first IP packet, a target QoS level to which the UDP packet belongs, dividing the UDP packet into at least two segments, encapsulating each of the at least two segments into a Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) packet, encapsulating the MPTCP packet into a second IP packet, where a payload length of a target IP packet in the second IP packet is equal to a byte length corresponding to the target QoS level, and sending the second IP packet to a peer device using an MPTCP connection with the peer device such that the peer device determines the target QoS level based on the payload length of the target IP packet.

Abstract: A media stream sending method, apparatus, and system includes a proxy server that receives a first live broadcast room request message and a second live broadcast room request message that are sent by a same proxy client; the proxy server receives a first live media stream that is sent by a media server to a first client and a second live media stream that is sent by the media server to a second client; and when a role of the first client is a master user and a role of the second client is a slave user, the proxy server sends the first live media stream to the proxy client such that the proxy client sends the first live media stream to the first client and the second client.

Abstract: A media stream sending method, apparatus, and system for providing a live media stream for a client that enters a live broadcast room includes a proxy server that receives a first live broadcast room request message and a second live broadcast room request message that are sent by a same proxy client; the proxy server receives a first live media stream that is sent by a media server to a first client and a second live media stream that is sent by the media server to a second client; and when determining that a role of the first client is a master user, and that a role of the second client is a slave user, the proxy server sends only the first live media stream to the proxy client such that the proxy client sends the first live media stream to the first client and the second client.

Abstract: A media stream sending method, apparatus, and system for providing a live media stream for a client that enters a live broadcast room includes a proxy server that receives a first live broadcast room request message and a second live broadcast room request message that are sent by a same proxy client; the proxy server receives a first live media stream that is sent by a media server to a first client and a second live media stream that is sent by the media server to a second client; and when determining that a role of the first client is a master user, and that a role of the second client is a slave user, the proxy server sends only the first live media stream to the proxy client such that the proxy client sends the first live media stream to the first client and the second client.

Abstract: A packet transmission method includes: receiving packets on a plurality of subflow connections of a multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) connection, and determining, based on the received packets, that packets at an MPTCP layer are out of order; determining that a blocking packet causing out-of-order is not received within a tolerance time, where the tolerance time is less than a largest RTO in RTOs of the plurality of subflow connections; and sending, by the network component, a retransmission instruction packet of the blocking packet on a target subflow connection in the plurality of subflow connections, where the retransmission instruction packet is used to instruct a sending device of the blocking packet to retransmit the blocking packet. Thus, there is no need to trigger retransmission after a subflow RTO expires, thereby shortening a delay.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a data stream transmission method. The method includes a sending device that dynamically determines a packet-loss-concealment policy based on first path status information of a path used to send a data stream. The sending device generates a packet-loss-concealment packet for the data stream according to the packet-loss-concealment policy. The sending device sends the data stream on the path. The data stream includes an original packet and the packet-loss-concealment packet. Therefore, when receiving the data stream, a receiving device decodes the data stream according to the packet-loss-concealment policy received from the sending device, and recovers, by using the packet-loss-concealment packet, an original packet lost in a transmission process. This effectively improves a packet loss recovery effect, and improves user experience.

Abstract: This application provides a data distribution method includes: A network device buffers first data, where the first data is data of a service that is provided by a server for a first terminal device; the network device receives N first data requests sent by N second terminal devices; and when data requested by the N first data requests is data provided by the server based on the service, the network device intercepts the N first data requests and sends the buffered first data to the N second terminal devices. This can reduce a plurality of connections that are used to transmit data of a same service and that exist on a channel between the server and the network device, thereby occupying a smaller downlink bandwidth to transmit the data of the same service from the server to the network device.

Abstract: A media stream sending method provides a live media stream for a client that enters a live broadcast room. A proxy server receives, from a first client, a first live broadcast room request message for requesting to enter the live broadcast room; the proxy server determines a role of the first client based on the first live broadcast room request message; and if the role of the first client is a slave user, the proxy server sends a first live media stream cached in the proxy server to the first client, where the first live media stream is a media stream that is sent by a media server to a second client through the proxy server, and a role of the second client is a master user.

Abstract: A media stream sending method, apparatus, and system for providing a live media stream for a client that enters a live broadcast room includes a proxy server that receives a first live broadcast room request message and a second live broadcast room request message that are sent by a same proxy client; the proxy server receives a first live media stream that is sent by a media server to a first client and a second live media stream that is sent by the media server to a second client; and when determining that a role of the first client is a master user, and that a role of the second client is a slave user, the proxy server sends only the first live media stream to the proxy client such that the proxy client sends the first live media stream to the first client and the second client.

Abstract: A hybrid access gateway receives packets that are sent by a network side device and are destined for a home gateway. When detecting that congestion occurs on a first transmission link and that no congestion occurs on a second transmission link, the hybrid access gateway obtains a first committed information rate (CIR) of the first transmission link and a second CIR of the second transmission link, classifies the packets into a first-type packet and a second-type packet, and transmits the first-type packet using the first transmission link and the second-type packet using the second transmission link. By properly allocating packets transmitted on the second transmission link, the hybrid access gateway can control one-way delays of the first transmission link and the second transmission link, thereby avoiding a packet loss caused by a sequencing buffer overflow.

Abstract: In the method, a detection agent apparatus receives location information of a monitoring point on a service path that is sent by a detection control apparatus, where the detection agent apparatus is located in the NFV system; the detection agent apparatus obtains fault locating information from the monitoring point based on the location information of the monitoring point, where the fault locating information is information obtained by the monitoring point according to a filter criterion, and the fault locating information includes the location information of the monitoring point; and the detection agent apparatus sends the fault locating information to the detection control apparatus, where the detection control apparatus may determine a faulty monitoring point based on the fault locating information and a service model corresponding to the service path.

Abstract: A method for determining quality of service (QoS) includes receiving a first Internet Protocol (IP) packet, where the first IP packet includes a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet and a first IP header, determining, based on information in the first IP packet, a target QoS level to which the UDP packet belongs, dividing the UDP packet into at least two segments, encapsulating each of the at least two segments into a Multipath Transmission Control Protocol (MPTCP) packet, encapsulating the MPTCP packet into a second IP packet, where a payload length of a target IP packet in the second IP packet is equal to a byte length corresponding to the target QoS level, and sending the second IP packet to a peer device using an MPTCP connection with the peer device such that the peer device determines the target QoS level based on the payload length of the target IP packet.

Abstract: A packet transmission method includes: receiving packets on a plurality of subflow connections of a multipath transmission control protocol (MPTCP) connection, and determining, based on the received packets, that packets at an MPTCP layer are out of order; determining that a blocking packet causing out-of-order is not received within a tolerance time, where the tolerance time is less than a largest RTO in RTOs of the plurality of subflow connections; and sending, by the network component, a retransmission instruction packet of the blocking packet on a target subflow connection in the plurality of subflow connections, where the retransmission instruction packet is used to instruct a sending device of the blocking packet to retransmit the blocking packet. Thus, there is no need to trigger retransmission after a subflow RTO expires, thereby shortening a delay.

Abstract: A hybrid access gateway receives packets that are sent by a network side device and are destined for a home gateway. When detecting that congestion occurs on a first transmission link and that no congestion occurs on a second transmission link, the hybrid access gateway obtains a first committed information rate (CIR) of the first transmission link and a second CIR of the second transmission link, classifies the packets into a first-type packet and a second-type packet, and transmits the first-type packet using the first transmission link and the second-type packet using the second transmission link. By properly allocating packets transmitted on the second transmission link, the hybrid access gateway can control one-way delays of the first transmission link and the second transmission link, thereby avoiding a packet loss caused by a sequencing buffer overflow.

Abstract: In the method, a detection agent apparatus receives location information of a monitoring point on a service path that is sent by a detection control apparatus, where the detection agent apparatus is located in the NFV system; the detection agent apparatus obtains fault locating information from the monitoring point based on the location information of the monitoring point, where the fault locating information is information obtained by the monitoring point according to a filter criterion, and the fault locating information includes the location information of the monitoring point; and the detection agent apparatus sends the fault locating information to the detection control apparatus, where the detection control apparatus may determine a faulty monitoring point based on the fault locating information and a service model corresponding to the service path.