Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making three-dimensional materials by combining a catalytic material with a precursor material and forming the three-dimensional material from the precursor material in the presence of the catalytic material. The three-dimensional material may be formed on surfaces and internal cavities of the catalytic material. The formed three-dimensional material includes a plurality of connected units that are derived from the precursor materials. The methods of the present disclosure may also include steps of separating catalytic materials from the formed three-dimensional materials and incorporating the three-dimensional materials as a component of an energy storage device (e.g., as an electrode in a capacitor). Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to the formed three-dimensional materials.

Abstract: The present invention provides an aluminum alloy refiner, which is characterized by being an amorphous alloy comprising 40 to 60 parts of Zr, 25 to 45 parts of Cu, 1 to 15 parts of Al, 1 to 10 parts of Pd and 1 to 10 parts of Nb in terms of mass fraction. The refiner provided by the present invention can be used to favorably refine crystal grains as well as improve the mechanical property of the aluminum alloy to a certain extent. Moreover, the intermediate alloy improves the strength and plasticity of the alloy, and a refined A356 aluminum alloy is very suitable for the manufacturing of automobile wheels.