Abstract: A memory system may include: a memory device configured to store first training information and second training information representing different training patterns; and a memory controller configured to: perform a first training operation on the memory device based on the first training information, and perform, when a result of the first training operation is out of a predetermined range, a second training operation on the memory device plural times based on the second training information.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method of predicting radio interference of a receiver.

Abstract: A rainfall attenuation estimating apparatus calculates correlation coefficients between a rainfall rate measured at a location of a satellite earth station and rainfall rates measured at locations near the satellite earth station, determines a correlation location and a correlation time difference to be used for estimating rainfall attenuation among the plurality of nearby locations based on the rainfall rates measured at the respective nearby locations and the rainfall rate measured at the location of the satellite earth station, and calculates an amount of rainfall attenuation of the satellite earth station by using rainfall rate data corresponding to a determined correlation location and correlation time difference measured at a time.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method of predicting a radio-wave environment. The apparatus may include an arrival recognition unit to determine whether a ray emitted from a transmission unit of the ray tracing scheme arrives within a reception radius, a position determination unit to determine an arrival position where the ray arrives within the reception radius, and a processing unit to correct the reception radius by differently applying a size of the ray according to the arrival position.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method of predicting a radio-wave environment. The apparatus may include an arrival recognition unit to determine whether a ray emitted from a transmission unit of the ray tracing scheme arrives within a reception radius, a position determination unit to determine an arrival position where the ray arrives within the reception radius, and a processing unit to correct the reception radius by differently applying a size of the ray according to the arrival position.