Abstract: There is provided a solid-state imaging element capable of increasing a channel area of a pixel transistor and reducing a parasitic capacitance of a gate.

Abstract: An electrode set for chemical reaction includes a substrate, and electrodes for reduction and oxidation reactions alternately arranged on the same surface of the substrate.

Abstract: An electrode set for chemical reaction includes a substrate, and electrodes for reduction and oxidation reactions alternately arranged on the same surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A recording medium includes a first substance and a second substance at least in which the first and second substances undergo an oxidation-reduction reaction when an external energy is applied, thereby recording information by varying the optical characteristics. In the recording medium, the reaction of the first and second substances is suppressed, reaction which degrades the recording characteristics other than the case where the recording medium is subjected to recording. In an optical disk 100 (i.e., the recording medium), a WO3 film 2 (i.e., a second substance), a C film 3 (i.e., a third substance) and an Sn-10 atomic % Sr film 4 (i.e., a first substance) are formed successively on a substrate 1. When the recording medium is irradiated with a recording laser beam as an external energy, the WO3 forming the film 2 is reduced to WO2.

Abstract: In an optical disk which includes a recording film having a laminated construction, and which records information by changing optical characteristics of the recording film by applying a laser beam, there are laminatedly formed a WO3 film 2 as a second layer, the WO3 requiring energy by about 470 kJ when it dissociates 1 mol of oxygen molecules, an Sn—43 atomic % Bi film 3 which includes Sn as a first layer, the Sn generating energy by about 610 kJ when it bonds with 1 mol of oxygen molecules and having a melting point of about 139° C., and a resin film 4 in this order on a guide groove 1c forming surface 1b of a substrate 1. When a recording laser beam is applied, a part of Sn—43 atomic % Bi film 3 is turned into a liquid phase, both of the films 2 and 3 react, and the optical characteristics of the recording film 10 vary so that information is recorded. As a result, the retention characteristic of the recorded data is secured, and the reactivity of the recording film is enhanced.

Abstract: A recording medium includes a first substance and a second substance at least in which the first and second substances undergo an oxidation-reduction reaction when an external energy is applied, thereby recording information by varying the optical characteristics. In the recording medium, the reaction of the first and second substances is suppressed, reaction which degrades the recording characteristics other than the case where the recording medium is subjected to recording. In an optical disk 100 (i.e., the recording medium), a WO3 film 2 (i.e., a second substance), a C film 3 (i.e., a third substance) and an Sn-10 atomic % Sr film 4 (i.e., a first substance) are formed successively on a substrate 1. When the recording medium is irradiated with a recording laser beam as an external energy, the WO3 forming the film 2 is reduced to WO2.

Abstract: A recording medium which includes a first substance and a second substance, wherein an external energy is applied to at least one of the first and second substances to react them in order to change the optical characteristics of the substances for recording information, the recording medium including: a first layer composed of a first substance including at least one of S and Se, a second layer composed of a second substance including a metal, and a barrier layer being disposed between the first and second layers, which allows the reaction between the first and second layers when laser beam for recording is irradiated as an external energy, and suppresses the reaction between the first and second layers when laser beam for recording is not irradiated. Alternatively, the recording medium can be free from the barrier layer, and the second substance can be arranged to have two or more compositionally different portions or two or more phases with a different crystalline state.

Abstract: A recording medium is for recording information by varying optical characteristic thereof by application of an external energy thereto, and includes a first substance and a second substance. When the external energy is applied to the recording medium, the first and second substances react with each other to form a third substance having a tungsten-bronze crystalline structure, thereby varying the optical characteristic. The third substance absorbs the external energy and varies the reflectivity of the external energy. Thus, the recording medium records information thereon. The recording medium is good in environmental resistance and information retention, because the third substance is stable energetically.

Abstract: A device for stabilizing a modulation operation of an optical modulator is provided, the optical modulator having an optical waveguide provided on a substrate and an electrode provided so as to correspond to the optical waveguide, modulating light inputted to the optical waveguide by a voltage corresponding to a physical amount to be measured which is inputted to the electrode, and outputting the modulated light. The device includes: an optical detecting device for outputting signal corresponding to intensity of light outputted from the optical modulator; a control signal outputting device for, on the basis of the output signal of the optical detecting device, outputting a control signal which compensates a phase bias fluctuation of the optical modulator; a light source device for outputting control light corresponding to the control signal; and a voltage applying device, provided in contact with the electrode of the optical modulator, for applying voltage corresponding to the control light to the electrode.

Abstract: An optical-optical modulator (10) has a substrate (1) made of Zcut-LiNbO.sub.3 and a Ti-diffused waveguide (2) thereon. The waveguide (2) is separated into two branches which merge later into one again and constitute the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A pair of electrodes (3a, 3b) for phase modulation is formed on a modulation part (A) which is in the middle of the waveguide (2). A CdS.sub.x Te.sub.1-x photoelectric conversion film (6) is formed directly contacting the pair of electrodes (3a, 3b). The photoelectric film (6) is manufactured by oblique vapor deposition utilizing CdS and CdTe as two vapor deposition sources. When the photoelectric conversion film 6 receives a control light (Lc), the film (6) generates voltage. The generated voltage is applied to the pair of electrodes (3a, 3b) and becomes a modulation signal of the carrier light (La).