Abstract: A driving assistance device includes a determination unit configured to, in a case where a preceding vehicle located in front of a vehicle in a stopped state starts, determine whether an object is located inside a specified area that is a predetermined area in front of the vehicle, and a driving assistance unit configured to maintain the stopped state of the vehicle in a case where an object is located inside the specified area in a case where the preceding vehicle starts.

Abstract: Water softening device includes water softening tank, neutralization tank, and electrolytic tank. Electrolytic tank generates acidic electrolytic water for regenerating weakly acidic cation exchange resin and alkaline electrolytic water for regenerating weakly basic anion exchange resin. Then, water softening device includes an acidic electrolytic water circulation flow path that circulates the acidic electrolytic water through electrolytic tank, first discharge port, water softening tank, and first water intake port in the stated order, and an alkaline electrolytic water circulation flow path that circulates the alkaline electrolytic water through electrolytic tank, second discharge port, neutralization tank, and second water intake port in the stated order.

Abstract: In a variable valve drive device, a cam sprocket made to rotate by a driving force transmitted from a crankshaft. An eccentric plate is arranged at one end side of the cam sprocket in the rotation axis direction thereof, and is made to rotate around an axis in the same direction as the rotation axis of the cam sprocket. The axis of the eccentric plate is shiftable from the axile center of the rotation axis to an eccentric position. A variable camshaft is made to rotate around its rotation axis by the eccentric plate, and when the eccentric plate rotates the variable camshaft at the eccentric position, the rotational phase difference thereof with respect to the cam sprocket periodically fluctuates. An intake cam block is arranged at the other end side of the cam sprocket in the rotation axis direction thereof, and is made to rotate by the variable camshaft with the same phase as that of the variable camshaft to drive an intake valve.

Abstract: A hydraulic valve driving device includes a valve actuator operable to drive an engine valve, a hydraulic pump that generates the oil pressure for the valve actuator, a hydraulic pump driving motor that drives the hydraulic pump, and a starter motor. At the time of engine starting, after the hydraulic pump is driven by the hydraulic pump driving motor while the crank is stopped in the first engine-starting mode, and then the crank and the hydraulic pump are driven by the starter motor in the second engine-starting mode.

Abstract: A cam sprocket 211 is driven to rotate by the drive force transmitted from a crankshaft 130 to by turn drive an eccentric plate 250 around an axis running in parallel with the axis of rotation of the cam sprocket 211. The eccentric plate 250 is movable from a position concentric with the cam sprocket 211 to an eccentric position. As it is driven to rotate at the eccentric position, it drives an intake cam block 240 by way of a variable camshaft 230 with a rotary phase difference that changes periodically relative to the cam sprocket 211. The intake cam block 240 drives an intake valve. The phase angle of the eccentric plate 250 at the connection section with the cam sprocket 211 and at the connection section with the movable camshaft 230 is s defined to be between 80° and 160° or between 200° and 290° when the direction in which the eccentric plate 250 rotates is assumed to be the forward direction.

Abstract: A hydraulic valve driving device includes a valve actuator operable to drive an engine valve, a hydraulic pump that generates the oil pressure for the valve actuator, a hydraulic pump driving motor that drives the hydraulic pump, and a starter motor. At the time of engine starting, after the hydraulic pump is driven by the hydraulic pump driving motor while the crank is stopped in the first engine-starting mode, and then the crank and the hydraulic pump are driven by the starter motor in the second engine-starting mode.

Abstract: An improved cam and follower arrangement suitable for actuating, for example, poppet valves of an internal combustion engine and method and apparatus for forming the cam surface. This permits the use of skewed valve axes without using multiple rocker arms for each valve. The shapes are chosen and formed to provide better contact area and permits the cams to be ground with conventional grinding methods and for multi-cylinder engines.

Abstract: An improved cam and follower arrangement suitable for actuating, for example, poppet valves of an internal combustion engine and method and apparatus for forming the cam surface. This permits the use of skewed valve axes without using multiple rocker arms for each valve. The shapes are chosen and formed to provide better contact area and permits the cams to be ground with conventional grinding methods and for multi-cylinder engines.

Abstract: A multi-valve internal combustion engine having a plurality of valves having skewed axes that are operated by cam lobes of a single cam shaft. The cam shaft operates the valves through rocker arms each of which are pivoted independently about axes that are skewed relative to the cam shaft axis so as to minimize bending stresses on the valve during its actuation. This also avoids scuffing between the rocker and the valve stem. At the same time, good contact is maintained between the cam lobe and the follower surface by machining the cam lobe so that it will have a slight concavity at least in its tip portion so as to ensure constant line contact with the follower.

Abstract: Several embodiments of direct injected spark ignited internal combustion engines. In these embodiments, the fuel injector is positioned quite close to the cylinder bore axis so as to ensure a homogeneous mixture in the combustion chamber under all running conditions and particularly high speed high load conditions. The injector in each embodiment is positioned, however, relative to this spark plug or plugs so that fuel will not be sprayed into their gap to cause fouling. In addition, an improved arrangement for showing heat transfer from both the spark plugs and fuel injectors to the engine coolant is also disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-valve internal combustion engine having a plurality of valves having skewed axes that are operated by cam lobes of a single cam shaft. The cam shaft operates the valves through rocker arms each of which are pivoted independently about axes that are skewed relative to the cam shaft axis so as to minimize bending stresses on the valve during its actuation. This also avoids scuffing between the rocker and the valve stem. At the same time, good contact is maintained between the cam lobe and the follower surface by machining the cam lobe so that it will have a slight concavity at least in its tip portion so as to ensure constant line contact with the follower.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of induction systems for multiple valve internal combustion engines wherein the performance of the engine is improved throughout the engine speed and load ranges by providing variable effective areas for the induction passages. The embodiments disclosed all relate to three intake valve engines and show a number of different variations in intake passages. In all embodiments an EGR system is employed for improving exhaust emission control.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of induction systems for multiple valve internal combustion engines wherein the performance of the engine is improved throughout the engine speed and load ranges by providing variable effective areas for the induction passages. The embodiments disclosed all relate to three intake valve engines and show a number of different variations in intake passages. In all embodiments an EGR system is employed for improving exhaust emission control.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of twin overhead cam shaft reciprocating machines having a plurality of poppet valves. A variable valve timing mechanism is interposed between the cam shafts and respective of the poppet valves for varying their lift and for changing the number of effective poppet valves per cylinder. The lift changing mechanism includes means for shifting at least one rocker arm follower and provides a relatively compact yet highly efficient structure for achieving this purpose.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of multi-valve internal combustion engines having a manifold fuel injection and a control valve which changes the air flow pattern into the combustion chamber between an unrestricted flow and a restricted flow wherein turbulence is generated. An air assist arrangement including a number of different embodiments of insert pieces are employed for changing the spray pattern in response to the position of the control valve so as to provide the desired fuel flow into the combustion chamber when the control valve is controlling the air flow.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of twin overhead cam shaft reciprocating machines having a plurality of poppet valves. A variable valve timing mechanism is interposed between the cam shafts and respective of the poppet valves for varying their lift and for changing the number of effective poppet valves per cylinder. The lift changing mechanism includes means for shifting at least one rocker arm follower and provides a relatively compact yet highly efficient structure for achieving this purpose.

Abstract: A cylinder head construction for an internal combustion engine embodying a bonded valve seat so that the flow passages can extend substantially straight through the cylinder head to the valve seat and pass through the center of the valve seat and intersect the center of the respective valve.

Abstract: Two embodiments of multiple-valve engines wherein both the spark plug and fuel injector are mounted in the cylinder head in side-by-side relationship with their axes lying in a common plane. The spark plug and fuel injector axes extend into the combustion chamber recess in an area that is circumscribed by a circle passing through the centers of the valve seats.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of twin overhead cam shaft reciprocating machines having a plurality of poppet valves. A variable valve timing mechanism is interposed between the cam shafts and respective of the poppet valves for varying their lift and for changing the number of effective poppet valves per cylinder. The lift changing mechanism includes means for shifting at least one rocker arm follower and provides a relatively compact yet highly efficient structure for achieving this purpose.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of multiple-valve internal combustion engines having at least some of the valves being deactivatable by means of a hydraulic tappet assembly so as to control the flow path and flow pattern into and out of the combustion chamber. A hydraulic system is provided for controlling which of the valves operate and, if desired, the lift of the valves.