Abstract: This invention is directed to prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonists useful in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer in a human or animal. The method comprises administering one or more of Compound A, Compound B or Compound C, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as the EP4 antagonist(s). The method may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the EP4 antagonist, and may include one or more other active agents and/or therapies.

Abstract: This invention is directed to prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonists useful in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer in a human or animal. The method comprises administering one or more of Compound A, Compound B or Compound C, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as the EP4 antagonist(s). The method may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the EP4 antagonist(s), and may include one or more other active agents and/or therapies.

Abstract: This invention is directed to prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonists useful in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer in a human or animal. The method comprises administering one or more of Compound A, Compound B or Compound C, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as the EP4 antagonist(s). The method may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the EP4 antagonist, and may include one or more other active agents and/or therapies.

Abstract: This invention is directed to prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonists useful in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer in a human or animal. The method comprises administering one or more of Compound A, Compound B or Compound C, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as the EP4 antagonist(s). The method may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the EP4 antagonist, and may include one or more other active agents and/or therapies.

Abstract: This invention is directed to prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) antagonists useful in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer in a human or animal. The method comprises administering one or more of Compound A, Compound B or Compound C, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as the EP4 antagonist(s). The method may include a pharmaceutical composition comprising the EP4 antagonist, and may include one or more other active agents and/or therapies.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for screening for a food ingredient or a food composition that reduces a cancer risk and inhibits cancer development. A substance that reduces a cancer risk is screened by administering a candidate substance and analyzing alteration in gut microbiota or a metabolite produced by an intestinal bacterium. Also, candidate substances are screened by adding each candidate substance to a bacterial culture system and analyzing its effect on a bacterium involved in cancer development.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method capable of detecting a cancer and/or a carcinogenic risk, and a reagent for the detection thereof. The present invention also provides a method for screening for a pharmaceutical drug for reducing a carcinogenic risk and a pharmaceutical composition. Since cancer development closely correlates with alteration in gut microbiota, cancer development and/or a risk of cancer development are detected by detecting alteration in gut microbiota and a secondary bile acid produced by an intestinal bacterium. The present invention further provides a method for screening for a pharmaceutical drug with a gut microbiota as an index, and a pharmaceutical composition.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for screening for a food ingredient or a food composition that reduces a cancer risk and inhibits cancer development. A substance that reduces a cancer risk is screened by administering a candidate substance and analyzing alteration in gut microbiota or a metabolite produced by an intestinal bacterium. Also, candidate substances are screened by adding each candidate substance to a bacterial culture system and analyzing its effect on a bacterium involved in cancer development.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method capable of detecting a cancer and/or a carcinogenic risk, and a reagent for the detection thereof. The present invention also provides a method for screening for a pharmaceutical drug for reducing a carcinogenic risk and a pharmaceutical composition. Since cancer development closely correlates with alteration in gut microbiota, cancer development and/or a risk of cancer development are detected by detecting alteration in gut microbiota and a secondary bile acid produced by an intestinal bacterium. The present invention further provides a method for screening for a pharmaceutical drug with a gut microbiota as an index, and a pharmaceutical composition.

Abstract: The promoter of the human p27Kip1 gene is provided. The promoter region is useful to screen a compound that regulates the promoter of the human p27Kip1 gene or regulates the activity of the promoter. It enables the gene therapy utilizing the promoter.

Abstract: A part of a gate insulation film between a semiconductor substrate and an exposed gate electrode of a semiconductor device is partially and stepwise etched away. A voltage is applied between the semiconductor substrate and the gate electrode in a chemical wet etching system at each step. An anode oxide film is formed on the surface of the gate electrode in a step, when a defect is included in a gate oxide film. The gate electrode is etched away in another step, when a defect is not included in the gate oxide film. A position of a defect in the gate insulation film is detected from the difference in the area of the gate insulation film when an anode oxide film is formed on the gate electrode, and when the gate electrode is etched away.