Abstract: A particle analyzer (100) includes: a light source that emits excitation light (EL1) including light having a wavelength of 400 nm or less; a lens structure (41) that collects excitation light (EL1) at a predetermined position (51s) in a flow path (53); a detection unit (7) that detects light (FL) emitted from a particle as the particle (51) flowing through the predetermined position is excited by the excitation light (EL1); and a processing unit (120) that processes detection data acquired by the detection unit (7). The lens structure (41) includes a plurality of lenses (411) arranged along an optical axis of the excitation light (EL1); and a lens frame (412) holding the plurality of lenses (411). At least one (G12) of the plurality of lenses (411) is positioned in the lens frame (412) by abutting on a lens adjacent to the lens.

Abstract: Communication node including a transmission equipment which communicates user data with transmission equipment of an adjacent node, and a controller which communicates a message with a controller of the adjacent node and which manages the transmission equipment of its own node, wherein: a controller of the node detects existence or nonexistence of fault of a controller of the adjacent node on the basis of situation of receiving a message sent from the controller of the adjacent node; when the controller of the node detects the fault of the controller of the adjacent node, the controller of the node issues a state reference notice to a transmission equipment of its own node and checks existence or nonexistence of fault alert detection; in a case where the fault alert detection of the transmission equipment of the node does not exist, the controller of the node maintains a path state of the node.

Abstract: An optical multi-drop path is set to a downstream direction, an optical path between adjacent nodes is set to a upstream direction, a packet sorting unit is provided for appropriately controlling packet streams in the downstream direction and upstream direction, and one-to-one or one-to-N communication can be performed not only between servers and clients but also between the clients even when a multi-drop transmission is used in the downstream direction.

Abstract: Power consumption on GMPLS controlled networks can be reduced by cutting power consumption on spare paths that are not normally used. To achieve power consumption reduction, in the path setting process, a path is calculated while taking the power saving capability of each interface into account, and the applicable interface is set to the power-saving state when setting the spare path. When the spare path was set to the operating state, then the power-saving state on the applicable interface was canceled so that interface could operate normally.

Abstract: Communication node including a transmission equipment which communicates user data with transmission equipment of an adjacent node, and a controller which communicates a message with a controller of the adjacent node and which manages the transmission equipment of its own node, wherein: a controller of the node detects existence or nonexistence of fault of a controller of the adjacent node on the basis of situation of receiving a message sent from the controller of the adjacent node; when the controller of the node detects the fault of the controller of the adjacent node, the controller of the node issues a state reference notice to a transmission equipment of its own node and checks existence or nonexistence of fault alert detection; in a case where the fault alert detection of the transmission equipment of the node does not exist, the controller of the node maintains a path state of the node.

Abstract: In a network wherein a data plane for communicating user data, and a control plane for managing data forwarders are configured of different media, the path teardown of the data plane which is forwarding the data is prevented when a fault has occurred in only the control plane. When the GMPLS controller of the control plane has detected refresh timeout with respect to an adjacent node (101 in FIG. 1), it checks whether or not a transmission equipment corresponding to a faulty controller has a fault (102), and it maintains a path state (103) in a case where the fault is limited to the control plane. Thus, the exchange of refresh messages with the adjacent node is continued without cleaning up the resources of the transmission equipment (104 through 107).

Abstract: Power consumption on GMPLS controlled networks can be reduced by cutting power consumption on spare paths that are not normally used. To achieve power consumption reduction, in the path setting process, a path is calculated while taking the power saving capability of each interface into account, and the applicable interface is set to the power-saving state when setting the spare path. When the spare path was set to the operating state, then the power-saving state on the applicable interface was canceled so that interface could operate normally.

Abstract: In a L2VPN, where Ethernet frames are encapsulated and transferred, when an edge node disposed at an entrance of the L2VPN encapsulates an Ethernet frame, the data type of the payload of the Ethernet frame is checked. If the payload data type includes time-to-live (TTL) information, whether to encapsulate or discard the frame is judged according to the TTL value. One material for judging whether to discard the frame is a condition that the TTL value is larger than ‘1’ and smaller than a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: Power consumption on GMPLS controlled networks can be reduced by cutting power consumption on spare paths that are not normally used. To achieve power consumption reduction, in the path setting process, a path is calculated while taking the power saving capability of each interface into account, and the applicable interface is set to the power-saving state when setting the spare path. When the spare path was set to the operating state, then the power-saving state on the applicable interface was canceled so that interface could operate normally.

Abstract: When protection processing is applied after a fault in the optical switching unit while the path control unit is restarting. In network systems comprising a path control unit for setting the paths, and a data transmission unit coupled to the path control unit; the data transmission unit changes the path information, stores path information before and after the fault was detected, and transmits the path information from before or after fault detection to the path control unit, and decides either of the transmitted path information based on an internal status; and the path control unit stores the path information sent from the data transmission unit, and after restarting, receives path information from the data transmission unit and, acquires path information stored in the path control units controlled by the adjacently connected data transmission units and is restored to operation with path information from before restarting.

Abstract: An optical multi-drop path is set to a downstream direction, an optical path between adjacent nodes is set to a upstream direction, a packet sorting unit is provided for appropriately controlling packet streams in the downstream direction and upstream direction, and one-to-one or one-to-N communication can be performed not only between servers and clients but also between the clients even when a multi-drop transmission is used in the downstream direction.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus having a resume function which can maintain the security even when a plurality of users commonly use the apparatus. A work state at a power-off time of the apparatus is preserved together with a work state name including a user's ID in a different area in a plurality of preservation areas for resume function on a main memory for each user. When a power source is again turned on, data in the preservation area corresponding to the user's ID is used to reproduce the work state of the user at the power-off time. The work preservation areas can be provided on a file server apparatus in a network not needing battery back-up. When the information processing apparatus is used, a work state at a power-off time can be independently preserved and reproduced for each user.

Abstract: In a L2VPN, where Ethernet frames are encapsulated and transferred, when an edge node disposed at an entrance of the L2VPN encapsulates an Ethernet frame, the data type of the payload of the Ethernet frame is checked. If the payload data type includes time-to-live (TTL) information, whether to encapsulate or discard the frame is judged according to the TTL value. One material for judging whether to discard the frame is a condition that the TTL value is larger than ‘1’ and smaller than a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus having a resume function which can maintain the security even when a plurality of users commonly use the apparatus. A work state at a power-off time of the apparatus is preserved together with a work state name including a user's ID in a different area in a plurality of preservation areas for resume function on a main memory for each user. When a power source is again turned on, data in the preservation area corresponding to the user's ID is used to reproduce the work state of the user at the power-off time. The work preservation areas can be provided on a file server apparatus in a network not needing battery back-up. When the information processing apparatus is used, a work state at a power-off time can be independently preserved and reproduced for each user.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus having a resume function which can maintain the security even when a plurality of users commonly use the apparatus. A work state at a power-off time of the apparatus is preserved together with a work state name including a user's ID in a different area in a plurality of preservation areas for resume function on a main memory for each user. When a power source is again turned on, data in the preservation area corresponding to the user's ID is used to reproduce the work state of the user at the power-off time. The work preservation areas can be provided on a file server apparatus in a network not needing battery back-up. When the information processing apparatus is used, a work state at a power-off time can be independently preserved and reproduced for each user.

Abstract: In a network wherein a data plane for communicating user data, and a control plane for managing data forwarders are configured of different media, the path teardown of the data plane which is forwarding the data is prevented when a fault has occurred in only the control plane. When the GMPLS controller of the control plane has detected refresh timeout with respect to an adjacent node (101 in FIG. 1), it checks whether or not a transmission equipment corresponding to a faulty controller has a fault (102), and it maintains a path state (103) in a case where the fault is limited to the control plane. Thus, the exchange of refresh messages with the adjacent node is continued without cleaning up the resources of the transmission equipment (104 through 107).

Abstract: Power consumption on GMPLS controlled networks can be reduced by cutting power consumption on spare paths that are not normally used. To achieve power consumption reduction, in the path setting process, a path is calculated while taking the power saving capability of each interface into account, and the applicable interface is set to the power-saving state when setting the spare path. When the spare path was set to the operating state, then the power-saving state on the applicable interface was canceled so that interface could operate normally.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus having a resume function which can maintain the security even when a plurality of users commonly use the apparatus. A work state at a power-off time of the apparatus is preserved together with a work state name including a user's ID in a different area in a plurality of preservation areas for resume function on a main memory for each user. When a power source is again turned on, data in the preservation area corresponding to the user's ID is used to reproduce the work state of the user at the power-off time. The work preservation areas can be provided on a file server apparatus in a network not needing battery back-up. When the information processing apparatus is used, a work state at a power-off time can be independently preserved and reproduced for each user.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus having a resume function which can maintain the security even when a plurality of users commonly use the apparatus. A work state at a power-off time of the apparatus is preserved together with a work state name including a user's ID in a different area in a plurality of preservation areas for resume function on a main memory for each user. When a power source is again turned on, data in the preservation area corresponding to the user's ID is used to reproduce the work state of the user at the power-off time. The work preservation areas can be provided on a file server apparatus in a network not needing battery back-up. When the information processing apparatus is used, a work state at a power-off time can be independently preserved and reproduced for each user.

Abstract: A GSM network (1) includes a base station (2). A first mobile terminal (5) is outside a region of coverage. Using Bluetooth network, a second terminal (6) relays signals between the first terminal and the base station. The second terminal is awarded credit for relaying the signals.