Abstract: A tread portion includes a land portion provided with lateral groove-shaped elements arranged in a first array. Each lateral groove-shaped element extends from a first end to a second end. In the first array, the second end of one of the lateral groove-shaped elements is located at the circumferential same position as the first end of another of the lateral groove-shaped elements. Each lateral groove-shaped elements includes a first portion on the first end side, a second portion on the second end side, and a third portion therebetween. The first, second, and third portions are inclined in the same direction. An angle ?3 of the third portion to the tire circumferential direction is smaller than angles ?1 and 02 of the first and second portions, and a length of the third portion is greater than a sum of lengths of the first and second portions.

Abstract: A tread portion includes land portions divided by circumferential grooves. The land portions are provided with a set of lateral groove-shaped elements inclined with respect to tire axial and circumferential directions. Each lateral groove-shaped elements includes a circumferential first and second ends. The set of lateral groove-shaped elements is arranged in a first array over an entire circumference of the tire. The first array is such that in each of all pairs of two lateral groove-shaped elements adjacent to each other in the tire circumferential direction of the lateral groove-shaped elements, the first end of one of the two lateral groove-shaped elements is located at a circumferential same position as the second end of the other one of the two lateral groove-shaped elements. Two lateral groove-shaped elements included in at least one pair of the all pairs are formed on different land portions from one another.

Abstract: A water leakage monitoring system including a water leakage position estimator which includes a periodic data acquiring unit for fetching predetermined-period flow rate pressure data stored in a monitoring device, and for fetching a signal related to a flow rate change and pressure changes expecting a water leakage reaction time calculating unit for calculating a pressure reaction time lag between two pressure changes, a pressure propagation velocity estimating unit for estimating a pressure propagation velocity using the pressure reaction time lag and a distance between two pressure gauges located in a water distribution block stored in a pipeline network map data, and a flow rate change position estimating unit for receiving a signal related to the flow rate change, and estimating a flow rate change position using pressure propagation velocity and a flow meter and pressure gauge locating positions of the pipeline network map data.

Abstract: A water leakage monitoring system including a water leakage position estimator which includes a periodic data acquiring unit for fetching predetermined-period flow rate pressure data stored in a monitoring device, and for fetching a signal related to a flow rate change and pressure changes expecting a water leakage reaction time calculating unit for calculating a pressure reaction time lag between two pressure changes, a pressure propagation velocity estimating unit for estimating a pressure propagation velocity using the pressure reaction time lag and a distance between two pressure gauges located in a water distribution block stored in a pipeline network map data, and a flow rate change position estimating unit for receiving a signal related to the flow rate change, and estimating a flow rate change position using pressure propagation velocity and a flow meter and pressure gauge locating positions of the pipeline network map data.