Abstract: The present application discloses methods and apparatus for optically addressing qubits. An optical addressing system includes a source of electromagnetic radiation, at least one multi-frequency modulator configured to modulate electromagnetic radiation generated by the source of electromagnetic radiation to simultaneously produce at least two beams of electromagnetic radiation having different frequencies, each of which is configured to, when applied to multi-level quantum objects, at least partially drive one or more transitions between energy levels of the multi-level quantum objects, and a router configured to selectively direct the at least two beams of electromagnetic radiation to the multi-level quantum objects.

Abstract: The present application discloses methods and apparatus for arranging atoms in arrays. A system for arranging atoms within a 3-dimensional space includes an optical system (920) operable to produce a plurality of switchable optical traps (925) within the 3- dimensional space, a sensor (930) configured to detect atoms within the plurality of switchable optical traps, a scanner (990) operable to simultaneously move multiple atoms within the plurality of switchable optical traps, and at least one controller (905) configured to operate the optical system and the scanner to sort atoms within the plurality of switchable optical traps into a desired configuration of atoms, said operation of the optical system and the scanner being based at least in part on sensor data generated by the sensor detecting atoms within the plurality of switchable optical traps.