Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatus and methods for dual comb spectroscopy with deterministic stepping and scanning of temporal pulse offset. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a novel dual-comb spectroscopy including mode locked robust Er-combs and digital phase-locking electronics for step scanning between the two frequency combs and applicable to any phase-locked dual-comb system. The tight phase control of the DCS source allows for the control of temporal offset between the two comb pulses during measurements.

Abstract: A synchronizer for synchronizing transfer over an optical link includes a frequency reference oscillator; a tracking optical timing source; a tracking comb signal; a signal processor-controller; a comb timing discriminator; a clock frequency comb; a bidirectional terminal; a time-frequency offset measurement system; and a second comb timing discriminator.

Abstract: A synchronizer for synchronizing transfer over an optical link includes a frequency reference oscillator; a tracking optical timing source; a tracking comb signal; a signal processor-controller; a comb timing discriminator; a clock frequency comb; a bidirectional terminal; a time-frequency offset measurement system; and a second comb timing discriminator.