Abstract: Superparamagnetic (“SPM”) subunits of 1-30 nm average mean diameter (e.g. ferro fluid) subparticles are treated with a magnetically noninterfering substance capable of coating and covering them (e.g, BSA) and they spontaneously form agglomerates of about 100 nm to about 450 nm or higher average mean diameter and are then used to form complexes with target biological ligands such as viruses, contained in large volumes of liquid. The complexes are subjected to the gradient intensity of a strong magnetic field, and excess liquid is removed, where upon an immunochromatographic assay is conducted to determine the identity and/or amount of target ligand present, in which operation SPM particles that bonded to the ligand function as tags for ligand detection.

Abstract: Apparatus for transferring information from a first radio telephone to a second radio telephone comprises first communication means for communicating with the first radio telephone; second communication means for communicating with the second radio telephone; and data transfer means for communicating between the first and second communication means and operable under the control of the second radio telephone for reading information from the first radio telephone and transmitting that information to the second radio telephone.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and articles of manufacture for the detection of Giardia cysts and Crytosporidium oocysts.