Abstract: A system and method for identifying an optimal landing energy of a probe current in a scanning electron microscope system. A probe current having a known landing energy is directed at a sample for producing a signal electron beam. The current of the signal electron beam is measured by directing the beam to a current detector for calculating a current yield, which is the ratio of the signal current to the probe current. The landing energy can then be changed for subsequent measurements of the signal current to identify the landing energy which produces a desired current yield. Once identified, the landing energy value can be used to produce a signal electron beam directed towards an imaging detector to generate topographic images of samples.

Abstract: A system for controlling energization of an electrical resistance heater disposed in heat exchanging relation with a food cooking medium includes a signal generator providing an output signal of amplitude-time character defining a preselected cooking cycle, an element in the cooking medium providing a control signal indicative of cooking medium temperature and circuitry interconnecting an electrical voltage supply with the heater for excitation thereof responsively to both the control signal and the signal generator output signal.

Abstract: A preselected volume of a liquified cooking medium is supplied to a continuous-flow system serving a cooking chamber. In the course of heating the supplied cooking medium prior to the cooking cycle, an overflow device is operative to remove that volume of the thus expanded cooking medium in excess of the preselected volume. On commencement of the cooking cycle, the overflow device is rendered inoperative.