Abstract: An electrochemical process and device for the controlled and uniform heating of electrically-conductive fluids, the process or device having at least one reactor and at least one power source with at least one electrode and at least one additional conductive material for direct heating of the fluid and for producing electrochemical changes of the fluid to result in at least one property change of the fluid and at least one product.

Abstract: In embodiments of the present invention improved capabilities are described for a method of cleaning a solid fuel that may provide a starting solid fuel sample data relating to one or more characteristics of a solid fuel to be treated by a solid fuel treatment facility; may provide a desired solid fuel characteristic; may compare the starting solid fuel sample data relating to one or more characteristics to the desired solid fuel characteristic to determine a solid fuel composition delta; may determine an operational treatment parameter for the operation of the solid fuel treatment facility to clean the solid fuel based at least in part on the solid fuel composition delta; and may monitor contaminants emitted from the solid fuel during treatment of the solid fuel and regulating the operational treatment parameter with respect thereto to create a cleaned solid fuel.

Abstract: Measurements are taken of moisture, BTU/lb (British Thermal Units per pound), ash, forms of sulfur, volatile material, grindability, and absorption properties of any of a wide variety of mine-run solid fuels. Using that information, a dry electromagnetic process technology has been developed that can be controlled and monitored to selectively alter and enhance solid fuel properties for the application in question. Specific changes include altering the mechanical structure and chemical composition of solid fuels such as coal, coal coke or petroleum coke, increasing the BTU/lb to optimum levels, decreasing all forms of sulfur, and decreasing ash, while maintaining the BTU/lb of the fuels. A new family of solid fuel designer coals not found in nature can be produced via these methods and apparatus.