Abstract: A multipole magnet for deflecting a beam of charged particles, comprising: a plurality of ferromagnetic poles arranged in a pole plane; a plurality of permanent magnets each having a magnetisation direction, and each being arranged to supply magnetomotive force to the plurality of ferromagnetic poles to produce a magnetic field along the pole plane in a beamline space between the poles; and a plurality of ferromagnetic flux conducting members arranged to channel magnetic flux from at least one of the plurality of permanent magnets; wherein the multipole magnet comprises an even number of ferromagnetic poles, each pole being arranged to diametrically oppose another of the poles in the pole plane along a pole axis, wherein each of the plurality of permanent magnets is associated with at least one of the plurality of poles and the magnetisation direction of each permanent magnet isorientated in the pole plane at an angle of at least 45° relative to the pole axis of the associated pole.

Abstract: A multipole magnet for deflecting a beam of charged particles, comprising: a plurality of ferromagnetic poles arranged in a pole plane; a plurality of permanent magnets each having a magnetisation direction, and each being arranged to supply magnetomotive force to the plurality of ferromagnetic poles to produce a magnetic field along the pole plane in a beamline space between the poles; and a plurality of ferromagnetic flux conducting members arranged to channel magnetic flux from at least one of the plurality of permanent magnets; wherein the multipole magnet comprises an even number of ferromagnetic poles, each pole being arranged to diametrically oppose another of the poles in the pole plane along a pole axis, wherein each of the plurality of permanent magnets is associated with at least one of the plurality of poles and the magnetisation direction of each permanent magnet isorientated in the pole plane at an angle of at least 45° relative to the pole axis of the associated pole.

Abstract: A foam fractionation protein skimmer for removing organic waste material from organic loaded water, the protein skimmer including an upright reaction chamber with an uppermost throat in flow communication with a foam collection cup for collecting a protein loaded foam containing the organic waste material.

Abstract: Fluid treatment apparatus including a vessel having a fluid inlet port, a fluid outlet port and a deflector plate and containing a medium and an inlet having an inlet end in flow communication with the fluid inlet port and a discharge end providing an incoming flow of untreated fluid against the deflector plate for reversal thereby to an outgoing flow of fluid passing through the medium for treatment, the clearance between the discharge end and the deflector plate being selectively adjustable for controlling the flow of fluid through the vessel.