Abstract: Highly compatible or synergistic combinations of a macrolide T-cell immunomodulator or immunosuppressant such as 33-epichloro-33-desoxyascomycin and an antibacterial such as sulfasalazin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, erythromycin or gentamycin, optionally with a further pharmaceutically active agent, especially a retinoid, are provided, which are useful in particular in the treatment of diseases involving bacterial or suspected or anticipated bacterial infection, for immunomodulation or immunosuppression in conditions in which bacterial or suspected or anticipated bacterial colonization of e.g. the skin plays a role, such as atopic, contact and seborrhoeic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, acne, rosacea, post-peel, skin burning, itching, or IBD, and in situations of bacterial resistance.