Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

Abstract: A method of generating X-rays includes providing a field-emission diode including two electrodes separated by a gap, a first conductor, a first insulator on a surface of the first conductor, a second insulator on a surface of the first insulator that is not in contact with the first conductor, and a second conductor. The first insulator and the second insulator have trapped electrons at an interface therebetween, and are provided between the first conductor and the second conductor. The method further includes moving the second conductor with respect to the first conductor to induce electrons on the second conductor via electrostatic induction; accelerating the induced electrons across the gap of the field-emission diode; and striking a target with accelerated electrons to produce an X-ray. The first insulator and the second insulator are not the same.

Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.

Abstract: A method of generating X-rays includes providing a field-emission diode including two electrodes separated by a gap, a first conductor, a first insulator on a surface of the first conductor, a second insulator on a surface of the first insulator that is not in contact with the first conductor, and a second conductor. The first insulator and the second insulator have trapped electrons at an interface therebetween, and are provided between the first conductor and the second conductor. The method further includes moving the second conductor with respect to the first conductor to induce electrons on the second conductor via electrostatic induction; accelerating the induced electrons across the gap of the field-emission diode; and striking a target with accelerated electrons to produce an X-ray. The first insulator and the second insulator are not the same.

Abstract: An electrode having an embedded charge contains a substrate, a first electronic charge trap defined at the interface of a first insulating layer and a second insulating layer; and a first conductive layer disposed on the first electronic charge trap; wherein the first conductive layer contains a conductive material configured to permit an external electric field to penetrate the electrode from the first electronic charge trap; and wherein the first insulating layer is not the same as the second insulating layer.