Abstract: A cavitation enhanced atomizing process comprises forming a flowing solution of the liquid to be atomized and a lower boiling cavitating liquid. This flowing solution is then contacted with a pressure reducing means, at a temperature below the bubble point of the cavitating liquid in the solution, to produce cavitation bubbles. These bubbles comprise cavitation liquid vapor and the bubble nucleation produces a two-phase fluid of the bubbles and liquid solution. The two-phase fluid is passed downstream into and through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, and into a lower pressure atomizing zone, in which the bubbles vaporize to form a spray of liquid droplets. The nucleated bubbles also grow in size as the so-formed two-phase fluid passes downstream to and through the atomizing means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for controlling afterburning in the regenerator of a FCC unit. The process and apparatus inject steam into the dilute phase within a regenerator to promote combustion of carbon monoxide before it enters the regenerator cyclones, plenum, or flue gas transfer lines.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for controlling afterburning in the regenerator of a FCC unit. The process and apparatus inject steam into the dilute phase within a regenerator to promote combustion of carbon monoxide before it enters the regenerator cyclones, plenum, or flue gas transfer lines.

Abstract: A cavitation enhanced atomizing process comprises forming a flowing solution of the liquid to be atomized and a lower boiling cavitating liquid. This flowing solution is then contacted with a pressure reducing means, at a temperature below the bubble point of the cavitating liquid in the solution, to produce cavitation bubbles. These bubbles comprise cavitation liquid vapor and the bubble nucleation produces a two-phase fluid of the bubbles and liquid solution. The two-phase fluid is passed downstream into and through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, and into a lower pressure atomizing zone, in which the bubbles vaporize to form a spray of liquid droplets. The nucleated bubbles also grow in size as the so-formed two-phase fluid passes downstream to and through the atomizing means.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and apparatus for controlling afterburning in the regenerator of a FCC unit. The process and apparatus inject steam into the dilute phase within a regenerator to promote combustion of carbon monoxide before it enters the regenerator cyclones, plenum, or flue gas transfer lines.

Abstract: A cavitation enhanced atomizing process comprises forming a flowing solution of the liquid to be atomized and a lower boiling cavitating liquid. This flowing solution is then contacted with a pressure reducing means, at a temperature below the bubble point of the cavitating liquid in the solution, to produce cavitation bubbles. These bubbles comprise cavitation liquid vapor and the bubble nucleation produces a two-phase fluid of the bubbles and liquid solution. The two-phase fluid is passed downstream into and through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, and into a lower pressure atomizing zone, in which the bubbles vaporize to form a spray of liquid droplets. The nucleated bubbles also grow in size as the so-formed two-phase fluid passes downstream to and through the atomizing means.

Abstract: A cavitation enhanced atomizing process comprises forming a flowing solution of the liquid to be atomized and a lower boiling cavitating liquid. This flowing solution is then contacted with a pressure reducing means, at a temperature below the bubble point of the cavitating liquid in the solution, to produce cavitation bubbles. These bubbles comprise cavitation liquid vapor and the bubble nucleation produces a two-phase fluid of the bubbles and liquid solution. The two-phase fluid is passed downstream into and through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, and into a lower pressure atomizing zone, in which the bubbles vaporize to form a spray of liquid droplets. The nucleated bubbles also grow in size as the so-formed two-phase fluid passes downstream to and through the atomizing means.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making storage-stable road paving binders by blending a minor amount of an unsaturated polymer (e.g., having at least one diene monomer) with a major amount of asphalt at an elevated temperature such that the components are sufficiently fluid to blend; treating the asphalt-polymer blend with a sulfonating agent; and stripping the treated asphalt-polymer blend at an elevated temperature with sufficient stripping gas to remove strippable sulfur moieties and to stabilize the resulting stripped, treated blend. The invention also provides asphaltic compositions made by the method. The asphaltic compositions are useful as binders in road paving applications.

Abstract: This invention provides for novel road paving binder compositions and the method of making them. One embodiment is a road paving binder composition of a storage stable blend of a sulfonated, unhydrogenated random copolymer of styrene and butadiene having a sulfonation level of from 1 to 100 meq S0.sub.3 H/100 g of polymer and a sulfonated asphalt. Another is a method of making a storage stable polymer modified asphalt composition by combining a sulfonated unhydrogenated random styrene butadiene copolymer having a sulfonation level of from about 1 to 100 meq S0.sub.3 H per 100 g of polymer and a sulfonated asphalt at a temperature of at least about 180.degree. C. to produce a storage stable polymer modified asphalt. Yet another is a method of making a storage stable polymer modified asphalt by combining a sulfonated unhydrogenated random styrene and butadiene copolymer having a sulfonation level of from about 1 to 100 meq S0.sub.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a method of making storage stable road paving binders by blending a minor amount of a polymer having at least one diene monomer with a major amount of asphalt containing at least 0.3% by weight of total nitrogen at an elevated temperature such that the components are sufficiently fluid to blend; treating the asphalt-polymer blend using not more than 250 meq of a sulfonating agent per 100 g of asphalt-polymer blend to introduce the corresponding acid functionality into the blend; maintaining the sulfonated asphalt-polymer blend at a sufficiently elevated temperature and stripping the sulfonated blend with sufficient chemically unreactive gas to remove a major fraction of the acid functionality introduced by sulfonation. The invention also provides for the compositions made by the process. These are useful as binders in road paving applications.

Abstract: Disclosed in this invention are novel road paving asphaltic compositions having improved viscoelastic properties and storage stability and unexpected phase compatibility. They contain neutralized mixtures of oxidized asphalt and an acid functionalized polymer, which polymer is selected from the group consisting of sulfonated EPDM, sulfonated styrene-butadiene, and acrylic acid terpolymers, in an amount that is sufficient to result in an asphaltic composition having a softening point greater about 55.degree. C. and a viscosity in the range from about 150 cPs to 2000 cPs or from about 3000 cPs to about 8000 cPs at 135.degree. C. and effective to allow the formation of one continuous phase or two interdispersed phases that do not segregate on standing at elevated temperatures. The basic neutralizing agent used in these compositions contain cations having a valence of from +1 to +3, preferably +2. The invention also relates to the products produced by the process and method of making the compositions.

Abstract: Paving binders, especially hot mix paving mixtures, having excellent storage stability, reduced binder runoff, and high temperature viscosity are formed by adding a copolymer of ethylene with an alkyl acrylate or vinyl acetate and a neutralized sulfonated polymer to the asphalt. Preferably, the alkyl acrylate is methyl acrylate and the neutralized sulfonated polymer is a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene monomer.

Abstract: The molecular weight and the thickening efficiency of primarily oil soluble hydrocarbon polymers, such as hydrogenated random copolymers and block copolymers of styrene-isoprene or styrene-butadiene, polyisobutylene, poly-n-butene, low unsaturation butyl rubbers, low unsaturation EPDM rubbers, preferably ethylene-propylene copolymers, of the type which are to be used as viscosity index improver additives or as precursors for dispersants and multi-functional viscosity improver additives for lubricating oils, are reduced by heating and masticating the polymers in the presence of oxygen or air and in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, preferably in the further presence of a peroxide accelerator.

Abstract: Carbonaceous solids slurried in an aqueous solution, which preferably contains catalyst constituents having gasification activity, are dried by contacting the slurry with superheated steam in a fluid bed slurry dryer and the resultant dried solids are subsequently gasified with steam generated in the dryer.

Abstract: Cement is produced by feeding residue solids containing carbonaceous material and ash constituents obtained from converting a carbonaceous feed material into liquids and/or gases into a cement-making zone and burning the carbon in the residue solids to supply at least a portion of the energy required to convert the solids into cement.

Abstract: An intermediate Btu gas is produced by reacting steam with a carbonaceous feed material in the presence of a carbon-alkali metal catalyst and substantially equilibrium quantities of added hydrogen and carbon monoxide at a temperature between about 1000.degree. F. and about 1500.degree. F. and a pressure in excess of about 100 psia to produce an effluent or raw product gas consisting essentially of equilibrium quantities, at reaction temperature and pressure, of methane, steam, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen; recovering at least a portion of the effluent or raw product gas from the gasifier as an intermediate Btu product gas; contacting a carbon-containing material with steam in a steam reforming zone under conditions such that at least a portion of the carbon-containing material reacts with the steam to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen; and passing the effluent from the reforming zone into the gasifier, thereby supplying the added hydrogen and carbon monoxide required in the gasifier.

Abstract: An intermediate Btu gas is produced by reacting steam with a carbonaceous feed material in the presence of a carbon-alkali metal catalyst and substantially equilibrium quantities of added hydrogen and carbon monoxide at a temperature between about 1000.degree. and about 1500.degree. F. and a pressure in excess of about 100 psia to produce a raw product gas consisting essentially of equilibrium quantities, at reaction temperature and pressure, of methane, steam, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen; withdrawing the raw product gas from the gasifier and treating it for the removal of acid gases to produce a treated gas; withdrawing a portion of the treated gas as an intermediate Btu product gas; mixing the remainder of the treated gas with steam; passing the resultant mixture into a steam reforming furnace where the methane in the gas reacts with the steam to produce additional amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen; and passing the effluent from the reforming furnace into the gasifier.

Abstract: Methane and carbon dioxide are produced by reacting steam with a carbonaceous feed material at a reaction temperature between about 1000.degree. F. and about 1500.degree. F. and a reaction pressure in excess of about 100 psia in the presence of a carbon-alkali metal catalyst and equilibrium quantities of added hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The raw product gas withdrawn from the reaction zone is treated for removal of the carbon dioxide, product methane is recovered from the treated gas, and the remaining hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be recycled to supply the added hydrogen and carbon monoxide needed in the reaction zone.

Abstract: A process for the production of synthetic natural gas from a carbon-alkali metal catalyst or alkali-metal impregnated carbonaceous feed, particularly coal, by reaction of said feed with water (steam) in the presence of a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, in a series of staged fluidized bed gasification reactors (or gasification zones). The first reactor, or main reactor, of the series is operated as an entrainment reactor and entrained solids are carried over to the second reactor, or reactors, of the series. A carbonaceous feed, or coal, is thus partially gasified in a fluidized bed in the main reactor to form a product gas and a char, and char is entrained within the effluent gases, separated therefrom and then fed into the secondary gasification reactor, or reactors, of the series, the entrained char constituting feed to a secondary reactor, or reactors. Some char is also passed via dense phase transfer from the main reactor to the secondary reactor to maintain catalyst balance.

Abstract: In a coal gasification operation or similar process carried out in the presence of an alkali metal-containing catalyst wherein spent solids containing ash and alkali metal catalyst residues are produced, alkali metal constituents are recovered from the spent solids by first removing magnetic constituents from the solids, contacting the solid particles from which magnetic constituents have been separated with an acid solution to extract alkali metal constituents from the solids and produce a spent acid solution enriched in alkali metal salts, raising the pH of the enriched solution sufficiently to precipitate aluminum from the solution as aluminum hydroxide, heating the remaining solution to precipitate silicon compounds, and recovering an enriched alkali metal solution from which aluminum and silicon compounds have been removed.