Abstract: A method of forming a compound of formula (I) is provided. Some embodiments of the compound of formula (I) are known to have herbicidal activity. The method comprises combining a compound of formula (II) and a compound of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), or a salt or ester thereof: in a liquid mixture comprising the compounds of formula (II), formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), water, a non-aqueous solvent, a surfactant, a catalyst, and a ligand at certain temperature, pH, and HLB ranges to form a chemical reaction product mixture comprising the compound of formula (I) and by-products.

Abstract: Provided herein are pyridine and pyrimidine carboxylates and their derivatives, and compositions and methods of use thereof as herbicides.

Abstract: Methods for preparing 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram analogs, or derivatives thereof, from picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram are provided. The methods include chemical process steps that: (1) introduce a phthaloyl group onto the 4-amino substituent of picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram, (2) add 2 fluorine atoms at the 5,6-positions of the pyridine ring using halex fluorination chemistry, (3) remove the phthaloyl group, hydrolyze the ester or nitrile substituent, and add chlorine or bromine to the 6-position by treatment with an acid and water, and finally, (4) esterify the 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram acid produced in step (3) to a 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram ester.

Abstract: Methods for preparing 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram analogs, or derivatives thereof, from picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram are provided. The methods include chemical process steps that: (1) introduce a phthaloyl group onto the 4-amino substituent of picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram, (2) add 2 fluorine atoms at the 5,6-positions of the pyridine ring using halex fluorination chemistry, (3) remove the phthaloyl group, hydrolyze the ester or nitrile substituent, and add chlorine or bromine to the 6-position by treatment with an acid and water, and finally, (4) esterify the 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram acid produced in step (3) to a 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram ester.

Abstract: Methods for preparing 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram analogs, or derivatives thereof, from picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram are provided. The methods include chemical process steps that: (1) introduce a phthaloyl group onto the 4-amino substituent of picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram, (2) add 2 fluorine atoms at the 5,6-positions of the pyridine ring using halex fluorination chemistry, (3) remove the phthaloyl group, hydrolyze the ester or nitrile substituent, and add chlorine or bromine to the 6-position by treatment with an acid and water, and finally, (4) esterify the 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram acid produced in step (3) to a 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram ester.

Abstract: Provided herein are 4-amino-6-(4-substituted-phenyl)-picolinic acids and their derivatives, and 6-amino-2-(4-substituted-phenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids and their derivatives, compositions comprising the acids and their derivatives, and methods of use thereof as herbicides.

Abstract: Provided herein are 4-amino-6-(4-substituted-phenyl)-picolinic acids and their derivatives, and 6-amino-2-(4-substituted-phenyl)-pyrimidine-4-carboxylic acids and their derivatives, compositions comprising the acids and their derivatives, and methods of use thereof as herbicides.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield by cyclization and thioalkylation.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield by cyclization and thioalkylation.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield by cyclization and thioalkylation.

Abstract: 2-Substituted-5-(1-alkylthio)alkylpyridines are produced efficiently and in high yield from a non-pyridine source by cyclization.