Abstract: The invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof that specifically binds to human endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), wherein the antibody or fragment thereof binds to the extracellular domain of VCAM-1, and wherein the antibody or fragment thereof binds to VCAM-1 when expressed on endothelial cells, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody, or fragment thereof.

Abstract: The invention provides an antibody or fragment thereof that specifically binds to human endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), wherein the antibody or fragment thereof binds to the extracellular domain of VCAM-1, and wherein the antibody or fragment thereof binds to VCAM-1 when expressed on endothelial cells, wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is a human or humanized antibody, or fragment thereof.

Abstract: Techniques for combining electrochemical measurements of the brain or spinal cord by voltammetry together with a scan such as magnetic resonance imaging or spectroscopy, e.g. fMRI. The techniques use particular microelectrodes, such as carbon fibre or carbon paste electrodes which do not affect the magnetic resonance measurements. The techniques allow the correlation of voltammetry and magnetic resonance measurements which in turn allows one to be used for substitution of the other in appropriate circumstances and also allows the translation of results in animal models to the human model.

Abstract: A treatment for neuropathologies associated with elevated levels of the cytokine TNF-&agr; in the brain is disclosed. The resulting reduction in cerebral perfusion can be eliminated by the administration of an endothelin receptor antagonist, an antagonist to the TNF-&agr; p75 receptor, an endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor or an endothelin neutralising agent. Evaluation of suitable treatment compounds which bind to the TNF-&agr; p75 receptor or the endothelin receptors (ETA and ETB), and which act as an antagonist at these receptors, can be performed using in vivo MRI techniques to detect an increase in cerebral perfusion.