Abstract: A method is described for the characterization of atmospheric particles by means of a lidar device. The method provides to send a laser pulse in the atmosphere, a part of which is directly backscattered by the particles in the atmosphere. A reflecting optical device is provided, that is positioned at a predetermined distance d from the lidar device, whereby a part of the laser pulse that directly reaches the reflecting device is backreflected and is later backscattered by the particles in the atmosphere thus generating a counterpropagating backscattering signal directed towards the reflecting device, which signal reaches the reflecting device and is backreflected towards the lidar device. The lidar device detects the direct backscattering and counterpropagating signals. The optical characteristics of the particles are determined on the basis of the direct backscattering signal and the counterpropagating backscattering signal.

Abstract: A method is described for the characterization of atmospheric particles by means of a lidar device. The method provides to send a laser pulse in the atmosphere, a part of which is directly backscattered by the particles in the atmosphere. A reflecting optical device is provided, that is positioned at a predetermined distance d from the lidar device, whereby a part of the laser pulse that directly reaches the reflecting device is backreflected and is later backscattered by the particles in the atmosphere thus generating a counterpropagating backscattering signal directed towards the reflecting device, which signal reaches the reflecting device and is backreflected towards the lidar device. The lidar device detects the direct backscattering and counterpropagating signals. The optical characteristics of the particles are determined on the basis of the direct backscattering signal and the counterpropagating backscattering signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel pyrrole derivatives of the formula (I) which make it possible to immobilize and address oligonucleotides by electropolymerization. Said invention also relates to thus produced electroactive polymers and to methods for using them for detecting, identifying and dosing analytes in a sample. (I) wherein R1 is one type of oligonucleotide, Y is S or O, X is a spacer arm selected from —(CH2)—O—, —(CH2)<SB>P</SB>O—[(CH2)2—O]q—, —(CH2)r; —CO—NR?—(CH2)r—O—, —CH2r—NCH3—(CH2)r—O—, —CH2)rCO—NR?—[CH2)2—O]s—, —(CH2)rNCH3[(CH2)2—O]<SB>S</SB>—, R? is H or CH3, n is an integer number ranging from 1 to 5, p is an integer number ranging from 1 to 2, q is an integer number ranging from 1 to 4, r is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, r? is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, s is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, n, p, q, r, r? and s are identical or different, a pyrrole cycle is substituted in a position 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Abstract: The invention relates to bi-functionalised metallocenes of general formula (I) where Me=a transition metal, preferably chosen from Fe, Ru and Os, Y and Z, when identical are selected from —(CH2)n—O—, (CH2)—O—[(CH2)2—O]P— and —(CH2)q—CONH—(CH2)r—O—, or Y=—(CH2)S—NH— and Z=—(CH2)t—COO—, n=a whole number from 3 to 6 inclusive, p=a whole number from 1 to 4 inclusive, q=a whole number from 0 to 2 inclusive, r=a whole number from 0 to 2 inclusive, s=a whole number from 2 to 5 inclusive, t=a whole number from 3 to 6 inclusive, R and R?=H atoms or are protective groups used in oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis, where at least one of R or R? is protective group used in oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis and R and R? are as defined below: (i) when Z and Y are selected from (CH2)n—O—, —(CH2)—O—[(CH2)2—O]p— and —(CH2)q—CONH—(CH2)r—O—, then R and R? are protective groups used in oligonucleotide synthesis and R is a group which can leave a free OH group after deprotection, preferably a photolabile group such as mono

Abstract: The invention relates to novel pyrrole derivatives of the formula (I) which make it possible to immobilize and address oligonucleotides by electropolymerization. Said invention also relates to thus produced electroactive polymers and to methods for using them for detecting, identifying and dosing analytes in a sampe. (I) wherein R1 is one type of oligonucleotide, Y is S or O, X is a spacer arm selected from —(CH2)—O—, —(CH2)<SB>P</SB>O—[(CH2)2—O]q—, —(CH2)r; —CO—NR—(CH2)r-0-, —CH2r—NCH3—(CH2)r—O—, —CH2)rCO—NR?—[CH2)2—O]s—, —(CH2)rNCH3[(CH2)2—O]<SB>S</SB>—, R? is H or CH3, n is an integer number ranging from 1 to 5, p is an integer number ranging from 1 to 2, q is an integer number ranging from 1 to 4, r is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, r? is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, s is an integer number ranging from 1 to 3, n, p, q, r, r? and s are identical or different, a pyrrole cycle is substituted in a position 2, 3, 4 or 5.

Abstract: The invention relates to bi-functionalised metallocenes of general formula (I) where Me=a transition metal, preferably chosen from Fe, Ru and Os, Y and Z, when identical are selected from —(CH2)n—O—, (CH2)—O—[(CH2)2—O]P— and —(CH2)q—CONH—(CH2)r—O—, or Y=—(CH2)S—NH— and Z=—(CH2)t—COO—, n=a whole number from 3 to 6 inclusive, p=a whole number from 1 to 4 inclusive, q=a whole number from 0 to 2 inclusive, r=a whole number from 0 to 2 inclusive, s=a whole number from 2 to 5 inclusive, t=a whole number from 3 to 6 inclusive, R and R?=H atoms or are protective groups used in oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis, where at least one of R or R? is protective group used in oligonucleotide and peptide synthesis and R and R? are as defined below: (i) when Z and Y are selected from (CH2)n—O—, —(CH2)—O—[(CH2)2—O]p— and —(CH2)q—CONH—(CH2)r—O—, then R and R? are protective groups used in oligonucleotide synthesis and R is a group which can leave a free OH group after deprotection, preferably a photolabile group such as mono