Abstract: The invention refers to a quantum computer for performing operations based on control signals for determining a solution of a problem comprising a first and a second portion. A fermion operation part is configured to utilize states of quantum elements manipulable by operations. The operations are related to the second portion. A boson operation part is configured to couple bosonic fields to the quantum elements. The coupling is manipulable by operations that are related to the first portion. A manipulation part manipulates the fermion operation part based on operations related to the second portion, and the boson operation part based on operations related to the first portion. A readout part measures an observable of the state of each quantum element representing the state of a respective qubit and bosonic fields, wherein the result of the measurement is indicative of the solution of the problem.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cleaving urethanes, in particular polyurethanes, by means of chemolysis (alcoholysis, hydrolysis, or hydroalcoholysis) in the presence of a catalyst. The chemolysis is characterized in that a salt of an oxyacid of an element of the fifth, fourteenth, or fifteenth group of the periodic table of elements or a mixture of two or more such salts is used as the catalyst, the pKb value of the anion of said salt of the oxyacid ranging from 0.10 to 6.00, preferably 0.25 to 5.00, particularly 0.50 to 4.50, wherein the catalyst does not comprise carbonate when the chemolysis is carried out as an alcoholysis (Ia), and the catalyst does not contain carbonate, orthophosphate, or metaphosphate when the chemolysis is carried out as a hydroalcoholysis.