Abstract: A high voltage rechargeable magnesium cell includes an anode and cathode housing. A magnesium metal anode is positioned within the housing. A high voltage electrolyte is positioned proximate the anode. A metal oxide cathode is positioned proximate the high voltage electrolyte. The magnesium cell includes a multi-cycle charge voltage up to at least 3.0 volts and includes a reversible discharge capacity.

Abstract: Methods for forming polymeric protective layers on magnesium anodes for magnesium batteries include placing a solution of electropolymerizable monomers onto all exposed surfaces of a magnesium anode, and electropolymerizing the monomers in the solution. The monomers can be glycidyl methacrylate, a salt of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, or a mixture of the two. Protected magnesium foam anodes for 3-D magnesium batteries have a magnesium foam electrolyte, and a polymeric coating covering all exposed surfaces of the magnesium foam electrolyte. The polymeric protective coating formed of (poly)glycidyl methacrylate, poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate), or a copolymer of the two.

Abstract: An anode for a Li-ion cell, protected with an SEI by pre-treatment in an SEI-formation cell, is stable for cell cycling even in the presence of substantial water in the cell electrolyte. A method for making the protected anode includes forming an SEI on a lithium electrode by performing multiple charge/discharge cycles on the electrode in a first cell having an SEI formation electrolyte to produce the protected anode. The SEI formation electrolyte includes an ionic liquid having at least one of eight organic cations.

Abstract: An anode for a lithium or lithium-ion cell, protected with an SEI by pre-treatment in an SEI-formation cell, is stable for cell cycling even in the presence of substantial water in the cell electrolyte. A method for making the protected anode includes forming an SEI on a lithium or lithium-ion electrode by performing multiple charge/discharge cycles on the electrode in a first cell having an SEI formation electrolyte to produce the protected anode. The SEI formation electrolyte includes an ionic liquid having at least one of eight organic cations.

Abstract: An insertion anode for a Li-ion cell, protected with an SEI by pre-treatment in an SEI-formation cell, is stable for cell cycling even in the presence of substantial water in the cell electrolyte. A method for making the protected anode includes forming an SEI on a lithium-ion insertion electrode by performing multiple charge/discharge cycles on the electrode in a first cell having an SEI formation electrolyte to produce the protected anode. The SEI formation electrolyte includes an ionic liquid having at least one of twelve organic cations.

Abstract: An electrolyte for Li-ion and other secondary electrochemical cells includes an FSI anion and at least one of methyltriethylphosphonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; methyltributylphosphonium; and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium. The electrolyte uniquely enables stable cell cycling even when water is present in the electrolyte at levels as high as 5000 ppm. Methyltriethylphosphonium and trimethylisobutylphosphonium-containing electrolytes are particularly effective in this water-stabilizing capacity.

Abstract: 3-D magnesium voltaic cells have a magnesium anode coated on multiple opposing surfaces with a continuous protective/electrolyte layer that is ionically conductive and electronically insulating. The resulting protected 3-D magnesium anode is coated on multiple opposing surfaces with a continuous cathode layer that is electronically and ionically conductive, and includes a magnesium storage medium. Suitable magnesium anodes, in particular, magnesium foam anodes, can be made by pulsed galvanostatic deposition of magnesium on a copper substrate. The protective layer can be formed by electropolymerization of a suitable methylacrylate ester. The continuous cathode layer can be a slurry cathode having powders of an electronic conductor and a reversible magnesium storage component suspended in a magnesium electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A magnesium-ion battery includes a first electrode including an active material and a second electrode. An electrolyte is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The electrolyte includes a magnesium compound. The active material includes tin.

Abstract: An electrolyte for Li-ion and other secondary electrochemical cells includes an FSI anion and at least one of methyltriethylphosphonium; trimethylisobutylphosphonium; methyltributylphosphonium; and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium. The electrolyte uniquely enables stable cell cycling even when water is present in the electrolyte at levels as high as 5000 ppm. Methyltriethylphosphonium and trimethylisobutylphosphonium-containing electrolytes are particularly effective in this water-stabilizing capacity.

Abstract: An anode for a Li-ion cell, protected with an SEI by pre-treatment in an SEI-formation cell, is stable for cell cycling even in the presence of substantial water in the cell electrolyte. A method for making the protected anode includes forming an SEI on a lithium electrode by performing multiple charge/discharge cycles on the electrode in a first cell having an SEI formation electrolyte to produce the protected anode. The SEI formation electrolyte includes an ionic liquid having at least one of eight organic cations.

Abstract: A magnesium-air battery is described. The battery comprises: an anode compartment; a cathode compartment; and a membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The anode compartment comprises an anode having magnesium, a magnesium alloy or a material capable of insertion and extraction of magnesium, while the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode, a glyme ether or an ionic liquid capable of supporting the reduction of oxygen and a soluble magnesium salt.

Abstract: A magnesium-air battery is described. The battery comprises: an anode compartment; a cathode compartment; and a membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The anode compartment comprises an anode having magnesium, a magnesium alloy or a material capable of insertion and extraction of magnesium, while the cathode compartment comprises an air electrode, a glyme ether or an ionic liquid capable of supporting the reduction of oxygen and a soluble magnesium salt.

Abstract: A Li-air battery is provided. The battery contains: an anode compartment containing lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal; a cathode compartment supplied with an O2 source; and a lithium ion conductive membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The cathode compartment contains an air electrode with a skin alloy platinum or palladium catalyst.

Abstract: Electrodes employing as active material metal nanoparticles synthesized by a novel route are provided. The nanoparticle synthesis is facile and reproducible, and provides metal nanoparticles of very small dimension and high purity for a wide range of metals. The electrodes utilizing these nanoparticles thus may have superior capability. Electrochemical cells employing said electrodes are also provided.

Abstract: A Li-air battery is provided. The battery comprises: an anode compartment containing lithium or a lithium alloy as active metal; a cathode compartment supplied with an O2 source; and a lithium ion conductive membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The cathode compartment comprises an air electrode with a skin alloy platinum or palladium catalyst.

Abstract: A method of forming a conductive polymer deposit on a substrate is disclosed. The method may include the steps of preparing a composition comprising monomers of the conductive polymer and a nitrosyl precursor, contacting the substrate with the composition so as to allow formation of nitrosyl ion on the exterior surface of the substrate, and allowing the monomer to polymerize into the conductive polymer, wherein the polymerization is initiated by the nitrosyl ion and the conductive polymer is deposited on the exterior surface of the substrate. The conductive polymer may be polypyrrole.

Abstract: A metal-nitric oxide electrochemical cell is provided. Also provided is a rechargeable battery containing the metal-nitric oxide electrochemical cell. A vehicle system wherein NO from a combustion engine exhaust is fed to a metal-nitric oxide battery is additionally provided.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing metal nanoparticles and the nanoparticles so produced are provided. The methods include addition of surfactant to a novel reagent complex between zero-valent metal and a hydride. The nanoparticles produced by the method include oxide-free, zero-valent tin nanoparticles useful in fabricating a battery electrode.

Abstract: Methods for synthesizing metal nanoparticles and the nanoparticles so produced are provided. The methods include addition of surfactant to a novel reagent complex between zero-valent metal and a hydride. The nanoparticles produced by the method include oxide-free, zero-valent tin nanoparticles useful in fabricating a battery electrode.

Abstract: A metal-nitric oxide electrochemical cell is provided. Also provided is a rechargeable battery containing the metal-nitric oxide electrochemical cell. A vehicle system wherein NO from a combustion engine exhaust is fed to a metal-nitric oxide battery is additionally provided.