Abstract: The invention relates to a computer implemented method for simulating an aerial image of a model of a photolithography mask illuminated by incident electromagnetic waves, the method comprising: obtaining the model of the photolithography mask, the model describing the photolithography mask at least partially in a dimension orthogonal to the mask carrier plane; simulating the propagation of the incident electromagnetic waves through the model of the photolithography mask using a machine learning model, wherein the machine learning model maps the model of the photolithography mask to a representation of an electromagnetic field generated by the incident electromagnetic waves on the photolithography mask; obtaining the aerial image of the model of the photolithography mask by applying a simulation of an imaging process. The invention also relates to corresponding computer programs, computer-readable media and systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing precursor yarn comprising lignin, which may be further processed into intermediate carbon fibers and finally also carbon fibers. It also relates to carbon fibers and uses of said fibers. Said method involves applying a water-free spin finish.

Abstract: A reprocessing apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting a medical instrument including a fluid container for a reprocessing fluid and a reprocessing device. The reprocessing device includes: a reprocessing space in which the medical instrument is introduced for reprocessing; a fluid line for connection to at least one channel of the medical instrument, wherein the fluid line is configured to transport the reprocessing fluid to the at least one channel; a bubble introducing apparatus for introducing gas bubbles into the fluid line; and a gas bubble speed determining apparatus for determining a speed of the gas bubbles in the fluid line. The gas bubble speed determining apparatus includes a camera for capturing successive images of at least a portion of the gas bubbles in the fluid line.

Abstract: A method for operating a reprocessing apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting a medical instrument which has at least one channel, wherein a fluid line is provided for connection to the at least one channel, the method including: introducing gas bubbles into a liquid flowing in the fluid line, determining a speed of the gas bubbles flowing in the fluid line; and extrapolating a volume flow of the liquid flowing in the fluid line on the basis of the determined speed of the gas bubbles.