Abstract: Method for obtaining cross cylinder-like actions for using the adjusting or aligning measurement known as the cross cylinder method in phoropters for subjective refraction, wherein the spherical and cylindrical lens discs of the phoropter are adjusted in preprogrammed manner to cross cylinder-like lens systems.The set problem is also solved by a phoropter with spherical test lenses and cylindrical lenses arranged on lens discs and which can be introduced into the observation optical path, wherein the motor drives of the lens discs are combined in a program control unit, connected to an operating unit and an indicating unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for the generation and measurement of defined forces independent of position or travel of transmitting members for medical examination appliances wherein a lever pivotable about a horizontal axis in a vertical plane carries a probe adapted to be placed in contact with the body of a patient under controlled and measurable pressure. The lever is actuated by an electro-magnetic arrangement, limited in its movement electro-mechanically, and its torque is controlled and measured electronically. The apparatus includes a two-armed lever pivotally mounted about a horizontal axis for movement in a vertical plane, the center of gravity of the lever coincides with the pivot axis of the lever. A contact probe for engaging a body area under examination is attached to the free end portion of the upper arm of the lever. A permanent magnet system and a rectangular coil are secured to the free end of the lower arm of the lever.